BY 30 – Fall 2001
1.1.
Definition of Anatomy and Physiology:
a. The science that describes the structure of body parts and their relation to each other is called ______________________, whereas the science that describes body function is called ___________________________.
b. ______________________ describes the process by which bodies are carefully cut up to observe structure.
1.2.
Levels of Organization:
a. The seven basic levels of organization of the human body are __________________________, ______________________________, __________________________, ______________________________, __________________________, ______________________________, and __________________________.
b. Two or more atoms join together to form _________________________, but when these atoms represent different ____________________________, the term compound is used.
c. The basic structural and functional unit of an organism is the __________________________________.
d. Cells contain small, often membrane bound structures called __________________________________.
e. The general term for a group of cells that functions together is a __________________________________.
f. The four basic tissue types are ___________________________________, ___________________________, ________________________________, and ________________________________.
g. The smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions are __________________________________.
h. ___________________________ consist of two or more tissue types functioning together for a common purpose.
i. There are ____________________________ different organ systems in the human body.
1.3.
Basic Life Functions:
a. The five basic life functions are ___________________________________, ______________________________, ______________________________, ______________________________, and ___________________________.
b. The term which describes all chemical process that take place in the body is _____________________________.
c. The specific process by which large food molecules are chemically broken down into small nutrients that can be absorbed is called ______________________________.
d. The process by which new molecules are synthesized is called _____________________________, while the process by which molecules are broken down is called _____________________________.
e. Waste products are removed from the body through a process known as ____________________________________.
f. __________________________ is a term that refers to the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and/or external environment.
g. Movement can occur at the level of the ______________________________, ___________________________, __________________________________, or even ______________________________.
h. When growth is due to an increase in cell number, this is called __________________________________, whereas hypertrophy refers to an increase in _________________________________.
i. The process by which cells become specialized is called _____________________________________.
j. The process by which cells divide to form 2 identical daughter cells is called __________________________ whereas __________________________ refers to the process where the daughter cells have only half the number of chromosomes. Cells formed as a result of meiosis are called ____________________________________.
1.4. Homeostasis:
a. The fluids that surround cells in our body form the ______________________ environment.
b. ______________________________ refers to the tendency to maintain relative constancy of the internal environment.
1.5. Body Fluid Compartments:
a. The fluid present within cells is called ______________________________ whereas the fluid present outside cells is called ______________________________.
b. Extracellular fluids can be further subdivided into ______________________ and __________________________, of which _________________________ is present within blood vessels.
c. From the standpoint of homeostasis, maintaining constancy of the internal environment involves maintaining the volume and _________________________ of __________________________ fluids at constant levels.
1.6. Feedback Systems:
a. In the example of an individual that passes out due to hypoglycemia, the controlled variable is ____________________________________.
b. Besides the controlled variable, feedback systems consist of three basic components called the __________________________, _____________________, and one or more ______________________.
c. In the example of temperature regulation within the home due to the furnace, the _______________________ represents the sensor, the thermostat represents the ______________________ and the furnace represents the ___________________________. The controlled variable in this case is _______________________________________.
d. The difference between the actual measurement of a controlled variable and its set point is the _____________________________.
e. A system in which the change caused by the effector is opposite to the initial disturbance is called a _______________________ feedback system.
f. In the example of body temperature regulation, the effectors are ____________________________, _______________________________, and ________________________________.
g. In an individual with a fever, the elevation in temperature is caused by an altered __________________________________.
h. A system in which the change caused by the effector tends to reinforce the initial disturbance is called a _________________________ feedback system.
i. Examples of positive feedback mechanisms include ____________________, _________________________, and _______________________________.
1.7. Basic Anatomical Terminology:
a. When a subject is in the anatomical position, they are standing erect, facing _________________________________, arms at the side with palms facing _________________________________.
b. When a subject is lying face down, this is referred to as the _______________________ position, whereas if they are lying down face up, this is ___________________________.
c. A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions is called a ______________________ plane whereas the vertical plane that divides the body into front and back portions is called a _________________________ plane. When the plane divides the body into equal right and left portions, this plane is called the ______________________________ plane.
d. A __________________________ plane divides the body into top and bottom portions.
e. The term which describes a position toward the head is ________________________________; toward the front of the body is ________________________________; away from the mid-sagittal plane is ________________________________; toward the trunk of the body is ________________________________; and on the same side of the body is ________________________________.
f. The _______________________ cavity contains the brain whereas the vertebral canal contains the _____________________________.
g. The structure that divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity is the ___________________________________.