BY 30 – Fall 2001

LECTURE 4: Organic Chemistry: Proteins and Nucleic Acids

Study Outline Answers

4.1. Amino Acids and Peptide Bonds

a. amino acids; 20

b. amino group (-NH₂); a carboxyl group (-COOH); a hydrogen atom; a R group

c. R; nonpolar; charged; uncharged

d. net negative; net positive

e. peptide; dipeptide; tripeptide

f. carboxyl; nitrogen; dehydration-synthesis

4.2. Structural Levels of Proteins

a. primary; secondary; tertiary; quaternary

b. amino acid

c. secondary; alpha (a); beta (b)-pleated sheet; hydrogen

d. tertiary; different R groups; water

e. hydrophobic; hydrophilic

f. sulfur; disulfide

g. Quaternary; hydrogen; disulfide

4.3. Types of Proteins and their Functions:

a. structure; fibrous proteins; globular proteins

b. fibrous; structural; insoluble

c. collagen; keratin; actin; myosin

d. globular; functional; soluble

e. antibodies; hormones; hemoglobin

f. Enzymes; activation; increasing

g. cofactor; coenzyme; apoenzyme; holoenzyme

h. specificity; active site; substrates

i. temperature; pH; denatured; pH optimum

j. processes; inactive; digestive; small intestine

k. –ase; oxidases; dehydrogenases; hydrolases; kinases; ATPases

4.4. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

a. nucleotides

b. sugar; base; phosphate group

c. purines; pyrimidines

d. adenine; guanine

e. cytosine; thymine; uracil; thymine; uracil

f. 2; double helix; sugars (deoxyribose molecules); phosphate groups; base; hydrogen

g. complementary; thymine (or uracil); cytosine

h. genes

i. replication

j. 1; ribose; deoxyribose; uracil; 3

k. adenosine triphosphate; RNA; 2

l. ADP (adenosine diphosphate); P_i (inorganic phosphate); energy

m. muscle contraction; membrane transport; synthesis reactions

n. GTP (guanosine triphosphate)