NAME ___________________________________
Instructions: Record your answers directly on this sheet by circling the
correct response. For each
question, choose the single best response.
1. Which
of the following represent physiological variables that are maintained within
relatively narrow limits as a result of regulatory mechanisms that contribute to
homeostasis? (D)
a.
Body temperature
b.
The concentration of glucose in blood
c.
The concentration of Ca2+ in plasma
d.
All of the above
2. In
response to a fall in blood pressure due to hemorrhage, the heart begins to beat
faster because: (B)
a.
the set point for blood pressure becomes altered.
b.
of an error signal generated by the central controller which in turn
activates effectors.
c.
the baroreceptors stop sensing blood pressure.
d.
the baroreceptors become more sensitive to blood pressure.
3. In a
negative feedback system, the effectors cause changes in the
physiological variable which tend to: (B)
a.
change the set point to lower values.
b.
oppose the initial disturbance.
c.
by-pass the central controller
d.
reinforce the initial disturbance.
4. Of
the various types of intercellular communication, all of the following involve
receptors EXCEPT
communication mediated by: (C)
a.
neurotransmitters.
b.
hormones.
c.
gap junctions.
d.
paracrine agents.
5. Of
the various types of intercellular communication, the one that operates on the
shortest time frame is intercellular communication mediated by: (A)
a.
neurotransmitters.
b.
protein hormones.
c.
steroid hormones.
d.
thyroid hormones.
6. Which
of the following circulate in blood bound to carrier proteins? (D)
a.
Amine hormones
b.
Catecholamines
c.
Peptide hormones
d.
Steroid hormones
7. All
of the following hormones interact with a receptor located on the plasma
membranes of target cells EXCEPT:
(A)
a.
aldosterone.
b.
oxytocin.
c.
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
d.
parathyroid hormone (PTH).
8. The
portion of the pituitary gland where posterior pituitary hormones are released
into the blood stream is called the: (A)
a.
pars nervosa.
b.
pars distalis.
c.
pars intermedia.
d.
pars tuberalis.
9. Target
cells for oxytocin include: (D)
a.
smooth muscle cells within the uterus.
b.
smooth muscle cells within blood vessels.
c.
smooth muscle cells within the mammary glands.
d.
both a and c.
10. Under
conditions of elevated ADH, (B)
a.
the amount of water lost in the urine increases compared to normal.
b.
the amount of water loss through perspiration decreases compared to
normal.
c.
blood vessels relax (i.e., vasodilate) allowing fluid to leave the
vasculature.
d.
both a and c.
11. Prolactin
is synthesized and secreted by: (D)
a.
hypothalamic neurons located in the supraoptic nucleus.
b.
hypothalamic neurons located in the paraventricular nucleus.
c.
corticotropes of the anterior pituitary.
d.
lactotropes of the anterior pituitary.
12. Growth
hormone (GH) production is stimulated by: (C)
a.
elevated levels of somatostatin.
b.
elevated levels of GH in blood.
c.
conditions of decreased blood sugar.
d.
conditions of elevated fatty acids in blood.
13. Grave’s
Disease is an autoimmune disease in which the body produces antibodies to
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors on follicular cells, and these
antibodies stimulate these TSH receptors. In
a patient with Grave’s disease, you would expect: (A)
a.
elevated levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) in blood.
b.
a low basal metabolic rate (BMR) and increased sensitivity to cold.
c.
elevated levels of TSH in blood.
d.
an increased tendency for weight gain.
14. Parathyroid
hormone (PTH) is synthesized and secreted by cells called: (A)
a.
chief cells.
b.
parafollicular cells.
c.
follicular cells.
d.
sommatotropes.
15. A
class of hormones called glucocorticoids is synthesized and secreted within the
adrenal gland, mostly in a region called the: (B)
a.
zona glomerulosa.
b.
zona fasiculata.
c.
zona reticularis.
d.
adrenal medulla.
16. Aldosterone
secretion will be expected to increase in response to all of the following EXCEPT: (A)
a.
increased levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
b.
increased levels of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH).
c.
increased levels of angiotensin II.
d.
low blood concentrations of Na+ and high blood concentrations
of K+.
17. Glycogen
breakdown is stimulated by: (B)
a.
insulin.
b.
glucagon.
c.
cortisol.
d.
all of the above.
18. The
process of breaking down food into simple nutrients that can be absorbed is
called: (C)
a.
reabsorption.
b.
secretion.
c.
digestion.
d.
anabolism.
19. All
of the following organs form a portion of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract EXCEPT: (B)
a.
the esophagus.
b.
the pancreas.
c.
the oropharynx.
d.
the rectum.
20. On
the outer surface of the jejunum is found a single layer of mesothelial cells
which form a structure called the: (A)
a.
visceral peritoneum.
b.
parietal peritoneum.
c.
mesentery.
d.
both a and c.
21. Within
the stomach, the component of the nervous system which controls mucosal
secretion is called the: (C)
a.
muscularis mucosa.
b.
myenteric plexus.
c.
submucosal plexus.
d.
greater omentum.
22. The
vestibule is a space found: (A)
a.
between the cheeks & lips and the teeth & gums.
b.
between the teeth & gums and the pharynx.
c.
at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach.
d.
within the gallbladder.
23. On
the surface of the tongue are a number of mucosal specializations.
Of the various types, the specializations that are pointed and help to
grasp food are called: (D)
a.
fungiform papillae.
b.
circumvallate papillae.
c.
lingual frenulums.
d.
none of the above.
24. Which
of the following portions of the GI tract is lined by an epithelium that is
stratified squamous? (C)
a.
The sigmoid colon
b.
The ileum
c.
The esophagus
d.
The stomach
25. Of
the four anatomical regions of the stomach, the two which are histologically
indistinguishable are the: (C)
a.
cardiac and fundic regions.
b.
cardiac and pyloric regions.
c.
body and fundic regions.
d.
body and pyloric regions.
26. The
cell type responsible for secretion of pepsinogen is called the: (A)
a.
chief cell.
b.
parietal cell.
c.
paneth cell.
d.
pancreatic acinar cell.
27. The
duodenum receives exocrine secretions from the: (D)
a.
liver.
b.
parotid.
c.
pancreas.
d.
both a and c.
28. Within
the small intestine, which of the following cell types decreases in
frequency as you move from the duodenum ®
jejunum ® ileum? (A)
a.
Columnar absorptive cells
b.
Goblet cells
c.
Paneth cells
d.
Both a and c
29. At
the junction between the small and large intestines, there is a sphincter called
the: (C)
a.
lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
b.
pyloric sphincter.
c.
ileocecal valve.
d.
internal anal sphincter.
30. Within
the large intestine, the longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa is
organized into three longitudinal bands called: (D)
a.
haustra.
b.
plicae circulares.
c.
epiploic appendages.
d.
teniae coli.
31. The
portion of the large intestine situated between the ascending and descending
colons is called the: (B)
a.
cecum.
b.
transverse colon.
c.
sigmoid colon.
d.
rectum.
32. Within
the salivary glands, the type of ducts that are lined by a simple cuboidal
epithelium are called: (A)
a.
intercalated ducts.
b.
striated ducts.
c.
interlobular ducts.
d.
serous demilunes.
33. You
are given a histological slide which upon examination is seen to consist of a
morphology consistent with an exocrine gland.
Closer examination reveals that ~75% of the acini are mucous and ~25% are
serous. Based on this information,
you conclude that this tissue was most likely obtained from the: (C)
a.
parotid gland.
b.
submandibular gland.
c.
sublingual gland.
d.
pancreas.
34. The
common bile duct forms from a merger of the common hepatic duct and the: (B)
a.
main pancreatic duct.
b.
cystic duct.
c.
parotid duct.
d.
vermiform appendix.
35. Which
of the following are functions of saliva? (D)
a.
Chemical digestion of carbohydrates
b.
Protection of the oral mucosa against noxious foods and drink
c.
Prevention of infection within the oral cavity
d.
All of the above
36. Salivary
amylase is secreted mainly by: (A)
a.
serous cells.
b.
mucous cells.
c.
intercalated duct cells.
d.
striated duct cells.
37. Within
salivary glands, striated duct cells modify the composition of saliva by: (C)
a.
adding Na+ and Cl-.
b.
extracting K+.
c.
adding HCO3- (bicarbonate).
d.
both a and c.
38. All
of the following can increase the secretion rate of saliva EXCEPT: (D)
a.
nausea.
b.
parasympathetic stimulation.
c.
the sight and smell of food.
d.
vasoconstriction of blood vessels supplying the salivary glands.
39. During
swallowing, the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) is open during: (B)
a.
the oral phase.
b.
the pharyngeal phase.
c.
the esophageal phase.
d.
all of the above.
40. Any
condition that tends to relax the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) will
predispose a person to: (B)
a.
an impaired ability to swallow.
b.
esophageal reflux (i.e., material passing from stomach to esophagus).
c.
an impaired ability to digest carbohydrates.
d.
both a and b.
41. The
ability of parietal cells to secrete stomach acid (HCl) is dependent on the
action of: (C)
a.
pepsinogen.
b.
enterokinase.
c.
carbonic anhydrase.
d.
amylase.
42. Within
the gastric phase of gastric secretion, the vago-vagal reflex is initiated by:
(A)
a.
distension of the stomach.
b.
distension of the duodenum.
c.
the presence of secretin.
d.
both b and c.
43. Of
the following, all will increase gastrin secretion EXCEPT: (D)
a.
acetylcholine (ACh).
b.
caffeine.
c.
the presence of partially digested proteins within the stomach.
d.
excessive acidity (pH < 2) within the stomach.
44. Within
the intestinal phase of gastric secretion, which of the following hormones is
most effective at inhibiting gastric secretions? (B)
a.
Gastrin
b.
Secretin
c.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
d.
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
45. Receptive
relaxation of the stomach is mostly due to local reflexes involving the release
of nitric oxide which acts to: (C)
a.
stimulate gastric secretions.
b.
close the upper esophageal sphincter (UES).
c.
relax the smooth muscle of the stomach.
d.
open the pyloric sphincter.
46. As
chyme enters the duodenum from the stomach, the most potent stimulus for CCK
secretion involves: (C)
a.
distension of the duodenum.
b.
the presence of acidic chyme in the duodenum.
c.
the presence of chyme containing amino acids and fatty acids.
d.
parasympathetic stimulation.
47. The
conversion of the inactive form (trypsinogen) to the active form, trypsin
depends on the presence of: (D)
a.
chymotrypsin.
b.
acidic conditions within the duodenum.
c.
pepsin.
d.
enterokinase.
48. CCK
acts on the: (D)
a.
gallbladder to contract.
b.
sphincter of Oddi to relax.
c.
pancreas to increase enzyme secretion.
d.
all of above.
49. Which
of the following will enhance the duodenum’s ability to neutralize stomach
acid? (B)
a.
Gastrin
b.
Secretin
c.
CCK
d.
GIP
50. The
final step of the defecation reflex involves: (C)
a.
stimulation of stretch receptors within the rectum.
b.
relaxation of the internal anal sphincter.
c.
relaxation of the external anal sphincter.
d.
the gastrocolic reflex.