BY 32 – SPRING 2000

Section 2412

EXAM 2

NAME ___________________________________

Instructions: Record your answers directly on this sheet by circling the correct response. For each question, choose the single best response.

1. Within cells, the O₂ required for aerobic metabolism is used in which of the following processes? (D)

a. Glycolysis

b. The conversion of pyruvate to lactate

c. The Kreb’s cycle

d. Oxidative phosphorylation

2. The term pulmonary ventilation refers to which of the following? (A)

a. The movement of air into and out of the lungs

b. Gas exchange between alveolar air and blood

c. The transport of respiratory gases within the blood

d. The uptake of respiratory gases by the cells of our body

3. All of the following airways are part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system except: (D)

a. the trachea.

b. the segmental bronchi.

c. the terminal bronchioles.

d. the respiratory bronchioles.

4. The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the: (B)

a. conchae.

b. hard and soft palate.

c. nasal septum.

d. nasal bones.

5. During inspiration, air passes from the nasal cavity directly to the: (A)

a. nasopharynx.

b. oropharynx.

c. larynx.

d. trachea.

6. The laryngeal prominence (also known as the Adam’s apple) is present on which of the following cartilages? (B)

a. The epiglottis

b. The thyroid cartilage

c. The cricoid cartilage

d. The tracheal cartilages

7. The trachea and the bronchi can be distinguished histologically on the basis of which of the following layers? (C)

a. The epithelium

b. The lamina propria

c. The tunica muscularis

d. The submucosa

8. Unlike segmental bronchi, terminal bronchioles: (D)

a. do not possess cartilage.

b. have an epithelium that is not pseudostratified columnar.

c. do not possess exocrine glands.

d. All of the above.

9. Within an interalveolar septum, the two cell types which are described as squamous in appearance are capillary endothelial cells and: (B)

a. ciliated columnar cells.

b. Type I pneumocytes.

c. Type II pneumocytes.

d. alveolar macrophages.

10. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome results from the abnormal functioning of which of the following cell types? (C)

a. Ciliated columnar cells

b. Type I pneumocytes

c. Type II pneumocytes

d. Alveolar macrophages

11. Which of the following are muscles of inspiration? (A)

a. The diaphragm

b. The abdominal muscles of the chest wall

c. The internal intercostal muscles

d. Both a and c

12. During normal quiet breathing, expiration is: (C)

a. active due to the muscle activity of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

b. active due to the muscle activity of the abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles.

c. passive due to the elastic recoil of alveoli.

d. passive due to a fall in the intrapleural pressure to even more negative pressures.

13. During normal breathing (i.e., without a respirator), alveoli expand in response to an increase in: (C)

a. alveolar pressure.

b. atmospheric pressure.

c. the transmural pressure gradient acting across their walls.

d. pulmonary blood flow.

14. During inspiration: (B)

a. alveolar volume is decreasing.

b. alveolar pressure is sub-atmospheric.

c. intrapleural pressure is becoming more positive.

d. both a and b.

15. During expiration, airflow continues until: (A)

a. alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.

b. alveolar pressure is equal to intrapleural pressure.

c. airway pressure exceeds alveolar pressure.

d. airway pressure is less than alveolar pressure.

16. Pulmonary surfactant: (D)

a. reduces the surface tension forces at the air-liquid interface within alveoli.

b. Decreases lung compliance

c. Increases lung compliance

d. Both a and c

17. Following a pneumothorax, (D)

a. the lungs collapse.

b. the chest wall springs out.

c. the pressure in the intrapleural space becomes equal to atmospheric pressure.

d. All of the above.

18. Which of the following will decrease the resistance to airflow?

a. Relaxation of the airway smooth muscle causing the airway diameter to increase.

b. Exposure to cold air which will cause the airway smooth muscle to contract.

c. An overaccumulation of mucus in the airways.

d. All of the above.

19. The device for measuring lung volumes is called a(n): (B)

a. hematocrit

b. spirometer

c. major histocompatibility complex

d. esophageal balloon

20. The volume of gas left in the lungs after a maximal forced expiration is called the: (D)

a. total lung capacity (TLC).

b. functional residual capacity (FRC).

c. tidal volume (TV).

d. residual volume (RV).

21. The major component of atmospheric air is: (C)

a. oxygen

b. carbon dioxide

c. nitrogen

d. argon

22. The PO₂ of alveolar air is less than that of inspired air because: (B)

a. atmospheric pressure is less in the alveoli.

b. inspired air mixes with air already in the alveoli.

c. oxygen becomes more soluble in the alveoli.

d. oxygen becomes less soluble in the alveoli.

23. Assuming no diffusion impairments, blood leaving pulmonary capillaries has a PCO₂ of: (B)

a. 0 mmHg

b. 40 mmHg

c. 45 mmHg

d. 100 mmHg

24. Which of the following will decrease O₂ diffusion in the lung? (C)

a. Increasing the surface area of diffusion.

b. Increasing the partial pressure gradient between air and blood.

c. Increasing the thickness of the diffusion barrier.

d. All of the above

25. Hemoglobin can bind a maximum of: (D)

a. 1 oxygen molecule.

b. 2 oxygen molecules.

c. 3 oxygen molecules.

d. 4 oxygen molecules.

26. Which of the following factors will cause the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the left (i.e. increased affinity)? (A)

a. A decrease in temperature

b. A decrease in pH

c. An increase in PCO₂

d. An increase in 2,3-DPG

27. The right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin curve attributable to changes in pH and PCO₂ is referred to as: (D)

a. Dalton’s Law.

b. Henry’s Law.

c. the Haldane Effect.

d. the Bohr Effect.

28. Most CO₂ is carried in blood in the form of: (C)

a. carbamino groups

b. freely dissolved CO₂.

c. bicarbonate

d. carbonic acid.

29. Within pulmonary capillaries, (A)

a. bicarbonate ions move into red blood cells and chloride ions move out.

b. bicarbonate ions move out of the red blood cells and chloride ions move in.

c. both bicarbonate and chloride ions move into the red blood cells

d. both bicarbonate and chloride ions move out of the red blood cells.

30. Which of the following will stimulate respiratory control centers to increase ventilation? (B)

a. A decrease in PCO₂

b. An increase in PCO₂

c. An increase in PO₂

d. An increase in pH

31. Within normal blood vessels the fluid phase of blood is called: (A)

a. plasma.

b. serum.

c. lymph.

d. Both a and c.

32. Within blood, the term “formed elements” refers to red blood cells, white blood cells and: (C)

a. plasma proteins.

b. antibodies.

c. platelets.

d. clotting factors.

33. Red blood cells are created through a process known as erythropoiesis. Within this process, the stage at which hemoglobin synthesis takes place is called the: (B)

a. proerythroblast

b. erythroblast

c. normoblast

d. reticulocyte

34. Following destruction of red blood cells in the spleen, the iron that is liberated as a result circulates in blood bound to: (B)

a. ferritin.

b. transferrin.

c. bile salts.

d. bilirubin.

35. All of the following conditions will result in anemia except: (D)

a. a Vitamin B12 deficiency.

b. hemorrhage.

c. an iron deficiency.

d. erythropoietin.

36. With regard to white blood cells, all of the following are considered to be granulocytes except: (A)

a. monocytes.

b. neutrophils.

c. eosinophils.

d. basophils.

37. Which of the following blood cell types does not originate from the myeloid stem cell? (C)

a. Red blood cells

b. Neutrophils

c. Lymphocytes

d. Monocytes