NAME ___________________________________
Instructions: Record your answers directly on this sheet by circling the
correct response. For each
question, choose the single best response.
1. The
process of oxidative phosphorylation takes place within which cellular
organelle? (C)
a.
The nucleus
b.
The cytoplasm
c.
Mitochondria
d.
The plasma membrane
2. The
process by which air is moved into and out of the lungs is called: (B)
a.
internal respiration.
b.
pulmonary ventilation.
c.
diffusion.
d.
all of the above.
3. The
ability of the respiratory system to contribute to acid-base balance in the body
is dependent on the action of which of the following enzymes? (D)
a.
Lysozyme
b.
Erythropoitin
c.
Surfactant
d.
Carbonic anhydrase
4. The
term “upper airways” is a group of airways that includes which of the
following? (D)
a.
Segmental bronchi
b.
Lobar bronchi
c.
The trachea
d.
The pharynx
5. The
superior, middle and inferior meati lie in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
beneath shelf-like projections called: (A)
a.
chonchae.
b.
alar cartilages.
c.
the internal nares.
d.
the nasal septum.
6. During
inspiration, air passes from the larynx directly to the: (C)
a.
nasopharynx.
b.
nasal cavity.
c.
trachea.
d.
primary bronchi.
7. The
trachea possesses all of the following EXCEPT:
(D)
a.
an epithelium that is pseudostratified columnar.
b.
exocrine glands.
c.
cartilage.
d.
a muscularis externa.
8. Within
the bronchial tree, the surface layer of mucus is derived from the secretions of
exocrine glands and: (D)
a.
type I pneumocytes.
b.
type II pneumocytes.
c.
alveolar macrophages.
d.
goblet cells.
9. Within
the respiratory portion of the respiratory system, the largest airway is
called: (C)
a.
the trachea.
b.
a terminal bronchiole.
c.
a respiratory bronchiole.
d.
an alveolar duct.
10. The
single layer of mesothelial cells closely adherent to the outer surface of the
lung forms a structure called: (B)
a.
an interalveolar septum.
b.
the visceral pleura.
c.
the parietal pleura.
d.
the mediastinum.
11. With
regard to the muscles of respiration, which of the following muscles raise and
outwardly rotate the rib cage? (C)
a.
The abdominal diaphram
b.
The internal intercostal muscles
c.
The external intercostal muscles
d.
Both a and c
12. The
transmural pressure gradient across alveoli is equal to: (A)
a.
alveolar pressure minus intrapleural pressure.
b.
intrapleural pressure minus alveolar pressure.
c.
atmospheric pressure minus alveolar pressure.
d.
alveolar pressure minus atmospheric pressure.
13. Under
which of the following conditions will the magnitude of the transmural pressure
gradient across alveoli increase? (C)
a.
A puncture wound in the chest wall resulting in a pneumothorax
b.
A change in the chest conditions so that intrapleural pressure becomes
positive
c.
A change in the chest conditions so that intrapleural pressure becomes
more negative.
d.
Both a and b
14. At
the end of a normal tidal expiration when the lung is at its functional residual
capacity (FRC): (C)
a.
the intrapleural pressure is positive.
b.
the inward elastic recoil of the alveoli is less in magnitude than the
outward elastic recoil of the chest wall.
c.
alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.
d.
All of the above
15. During
the inspiration phase of normal breathing (i.e., without a respirator): (D)
a.
alveolar pressures exceed atmospheric pressure.
b.
alveolar pressures equal atmospheric pressure.
c.
the inward elastic recoil of alveoli continues to decrease.
d.
None of the above
16. Pulmonary
surfactant: (C)
a.
decreases lung compliance.
b.
is secreted by type I pneumocytes.
c.
reduces surface tension forces that arise at the air-liquid interface
within alveoli.
d.
All of the above
17. Which
of the following conditions will result in an increase in airflow? (B)
a.
Exposure to cold air which will cause airway smooth muscle to contract
b.
Exposure of airway smooth muscle to epinephrine
c.
Stimulation of parasympathetic nerves supplying airways
d.
An increase in airways resistance to airflow
18. A
spirometer can measure all of the following lung volumes EXCEPT: (A)
a.
residual volume.
b.
tidal volume.
c.
inspiratory reserve volume.
d.
expiratory reserve volume.
19. The
volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiratory effort is called the: (B)
a.
functional residual capacity (FRC).
b.
total lung capacity (TLC).
c.
residual volume (RV).
d.
tidal volume (TV).
20. The
volume of air that enters and leaves the nose per minute is called the: (C)
a.
tidal volume.
b.
alveolar ventilation.
c.
minute volume.
d.
anatomic dead space.
21. The
partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air is equal to its fractional
concentration (that is 21%) multiplied by: (A)
a.
atmospheric pressure.
b.
its solubility in water.
c.
its molecular weight.
d.
none of the above.
22. Assuming
no diffusion impairments, the PO2 of blood leaving pulmonary capillaries is
approximately: (D)
a.
0 mm Hg.
b.
40 mm Hg.
c.
45 mm Hg.
d.
100 mm Hg.
23. Which
of the following gases is most soluble in water? (B)
a.
O2
b.
CO2
c.
N2
d.
All of the above are equally soluble in water.
24. All
of the following will increase O2 diffusion in the lung EXCEPT: (C)
a.
increasing the surface area for diffusion.
b.
increasing the partial pressure gradient between air and blood.
c.
increasing the thickness of the diffusion barrier.
d.
both a and b.
25. Most O2 is carried in blood: (B)
a.
physically dissolved.
b.
bound to hemoglobin.
c.
in the form of bicarbonate.
d.
in the form of carbamino compounds.
26. Changing
the relative saturation of a hemoglobin molecule with oxygen from 100% to 75%
involves, on average, the release of: (A)
a.
1 O2 molecule.
b.
2 O2 molecules.
c.
3 O2 molecules.
d.
4 O2 molecules.
27. Which
of the following conditions will decrease the affinity of O2 and
hemoglobin (hint: involves a shift in the oxy-hemoglobin curve to the right)?
(C)
a.
An increase in pH
b.
A decrease in temperature
c.
An increase in PCO2
d.
A decrease in 2,3-DPG
28. With
regard to CO2 transport in blood, the conversion of CO2 to
bicarbonate (HCO3-) takes place mostly in: (C)
a.
interstitial fluids of the body.
b.
plasma.
c.
red blood cells.
d.
alveolar air spaces.
29. Within
pulmonary capillaries, there is a net movement of: (A)
a.
bicarbonate into red blood cells and chloride ions out of red blood
cells.
b.
bicarbonate out of red blood cells and chloride ions into red blood
cells.
c.
bicarbonate and chloride ions into red blood cells.
d.
bicarbonate and chloride ions out of red blood cells.
30. With
regard to the control of breathing, perhaps the greatest influence on breathing
rate is the PCO2 level which is sensed by sensory receptors called: (A)
a.
chemoreceptors.
b.
stretch receptors.
c.
irritant receptors.
d.
muscle receptors.
31. The
fluid phase of normal blood flowing through undamaged blood vessels is called:
(A)
a.
plasma.
b.
serum.
c.
lymph.
d.
both a and c.
32. After
spinning a sample of whole blood in a centrifuge, the layer that will form at
the bottom of the centrifuge tube consists of: (D)
a.
plasma.
b.
serum.
c.
platelets.
d.
red blood cells.
33. The
major intracellular protein found within red blood cells is: (B)
a.
2,3 – DPG.
b.
hemoglobin.
c.
carbonic andydrase.
d.
lysozyme.
34. The
process of erythropoiesis takes place within: (A)
a.
red bone marrow.
b.
the spleen.
c.
lymph nodes.
d.
the thymus.
35. Which
of the following factors will increase blood hematocrit? (B)
a.
A vitamin B12 deficiency
b.
Erthropoitin
c.
An iron deficiency
d.
None of the above
36. Platelets
are formed from cells called: (C)
a.
monocytes.
b.
macrophages.
c.
megakaryocytes.
d.
neutrophils.
37.
With regard to white blood cells, which of the following is considered to
be a granulocyte? (D)
a.
Neutrophils
b.
Basophils
c.
Eosinophils
d.
All of the above
38. The
term hemostasis includes the processes involved with: (C)
a.
the formation of red blood cells.
b.
the formation of both red and white blood cells.
c.
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and clotting.
d.
white blood cells leaving blood vessels.
39. The
synthesis of clotting factors in the liver requires: (B)
a.
vitamin B12.
b.
vitamin K.
c.
erythropoitin.
d.
heparin.
40. People
with type AB blood possess: (D)
a.
antibodies to the A antigen on the surface of RBCs.
b.
antibodies to the B antigen on the surface of RBCs.
c.
antibodies to both the A antigen and B antigen on the surface of RBCs.
d.
no antibodies to antigens on the surface of RBCs.
41. The
site where T cell formation takes place is the: (B)
a.
bone marrow.
b.
thymus.
c.
spleen.
d.
lymph nodes.
42. The
spleen is involved in which of the following processes? (D)
a.
The destruction of old red blood cells
b.
Monitoring lymph for the presence of pathogens
c.
Monitoring blood for the presence of pathogens
d.
Both a and c.
43. Which
of the following organs possesses both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?
(C)
a.
The thymus
b.
The spleen
c.
Lymph nodes
d.
Tonsils
44. Which
of the following organs will undergo a gradual reduction in tissue mass as an
individual increases in age beyond the time of puberty? (A)
a.
The thymus
b.
The spleen
c.
Lymph nodes
d.
Tonsils
45. Should
a pathogen penetrate the mucosal barrier, there are a number of non-specific
resistance processes that include all of the following EXCEPT: (A)
a.
the action of T killer cells.
b.
the action of natural killer cells.
c.
the release of antimicrobial proteins such as interferons.
d.
inflammation.
46. Neutrophils
and macrophages engulf and digest a variety of pathogens in a process called:
(C)
a.
chemotaxis.
b.
antigen presentation.
c.
phagocytosis.
d.
hemostasis.
47. Most
cells of the body are identified as “self” by cells of the immune system due
to the presence of cell surface markers called: (D)
a.
interleukins.
b.
interferons.
c.
complement proteins.
d.
major histocompatability complex I.
48. With
regard to cell mediated immunity, the cell type which releases interleukin II is
the: (B)
a.
antigen presenting cell.
b.
T helper cell.
c.
T killer cell.
d.
B cell.
49. With
regard to humerol immunity, the cell type responsible for the bulk of antibody
secretion is the: (D)
a.
antigen presenting cell.
b.
T helper cell.
c.
B cell.
d.
plasma cell.
50. The
phenomena in which the immune response to a second exposure of a particular
antigen is greater in magnitude than the response to the first exposure is
referred to as: (A)
a.
immunological memory.
b.
chemotaxis.
c.
phagocytosis.
d.
emigration.