BY 32 – SPRING 2000

Section 6143

EXAM 2

NAME ___________________________________

Instructions: Record your answers directly on this sheet by circling the correct response. For each question, choose the single best response.

1. Within cells, the CO₂ produced during aerobic metabolism is generated during which of the following processes? (C)

a. Glycolysis

b. The conversion of pyruvate to lactate

c. The Kreb’s cycle

d. Oxidative phosphorylation

2. The term pulmonary ventilation refers to which of the following? (A)

a. The movement of air into and out of the lungs

b. Gas exchange between alveolar air and blood

c. The transport of respiratory gases within the blood

d. The uptake of respiratory gases by the cells of our body

3. All of the following airways represent anatomical dead space within the respiratory system except: (D)

a. the trachea.

b. the segmental bronchi.

c. the terminal bronchioles.

d. the respiratory bronchioles.

4. The right and left nasal cavities are separated by: (C)

a. conchae.

b. the hard and soft palate.

c. the nasal septum.

d. the nasal bones.

5. The Eustachian (auditory) tube opens to which of the following? (A)

a. The nasopharynx

b. The oropharynx

c. The larynx

d. The trachea

6. Within the larynx, the cartilage located closest to the trachea is the: (C)

a. The epiglottis

b. The thyroid cartilage

c. The cricoid cartilage

d. The tracheal cartilages

7. Within the trachea, the smooth muscle is found: (D)

a. Between the epithelium and the lamina propria.

b. Between the lamina propria and submucosa.

c. Between the submucosa and cartilage

d. On the posterior side of the trachea, linking the open ends of the C-shaped cartilage ring.

8. The smallest airway capable of mucus production is the: (B)

a. Lobar bronchus

b. Segmental bronchus

c. Terminal bronchiole

d. Respiratory bronchiole

9. Within an interalveolar septum, the two cell types which are described as squamous in appearance are capillary endothelial cells and: (B)

a. ciliated columnar cells.

b. Type I pneumocytes.

c. Type II pneumocytes.

d. alveolar macrophages.

10. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome results from the abnormal functioning of which of the following cell types? (C)

a. Ciliated columnar cells

b. Type I pneumocytes

c. Type II pneumocytes

d. Alveolar macrophages

11. Which of the following are muscles of inspiration? (A)

a. The diaphragm

b. The abdominal muscles of the chest wall

c. The internal intercostal muscles

d. Both a and c

12. Transmural pressure gradients are determined from the relationship: the transmural pressure gradient = “pressure inside” – “pressure outside”. When applied to the alveoli during inspiration, the “pressure outside” refers to the pressure: (C)

a. in the alveolus

b. in the airways

c. in the intrapleural space

d. outside the body.

13. At the end of a normal tidal expiration when the lung is at its functional residual capacity (FRC): (B)

a. alveolar pressure is sub-atmospheric.

b. The inward elastic recoil of the alveoli is equal in magnitude to the outward elastic recoil of the chest wall.

c. The inward elastic recoil of the alveoli is greater in magnitude than the outward elastic recoil of the chest wall.

d. The intrapleural pressure is positive.

14. During inspiration: (B)

a. alveolar volume is decreasing.

b. alveolar pressure is sub-atmospheric.

c. intrapleural pressure is becoming more positive.

d. both a and b.

15. During expiration, airflow continues until: (A)

a. alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.

b. alveolar pressure is equal to intrapleural pressure.

c. airway pressure exceeds alveolar pressure.

d. airway pressure is less than alveolar pressure.

16. Which of the following decreases lung compliance? (B)

a. obstructive lung diseases

b. restrictive lung diseases

c. surfactant

d. Both a and c

17. Following a pneumothorax, (D)

a. the lungs collapse.

b. the chest wall springs out.

c. the pressure in the intrapleural space becomes equal to atmospheric pressure.

d. All of the above.

18. Which of the following will increase the resistance to airflow? (D)

a. Relaxation of the airway smooth muscle causing the airway diameter to increase.

b. Exposure to cold air which will cause the airway smooth muscle to contract.

c. An overaccumulation of mucus in the airways.

d. Both b and c.

19. The device for measuring lung volumes is called a(n): (B)

a. hematocrit

b. spirometer

c. major histocompatibility complex

d. esophageal balloon

20. The volume of gas left in the lungs after a maximal forced expiration is called the: (D)

a. total lung capacity (TLC).

b. functional residual capacity (FRC).

c. tidal volume (TV).

d. residual volume (RV).

21. Within atmospheric air, which of the following has a higher partial pressure than oxygen? (A)

a. nitrogen

b. carbon dioxide

c. xenon

d. argon

22. The PO₂ of alveolar air is less than that of inspired air because: (B)

a. atmospheric pressure is less in the alveoli.

b. inspired air mixes with air already in the alveoli.

c. oxygen becomes more soluble in the alveoli.

d. oxygen becomes less soluble in the alveoli.

23. Assuming no diffusion impairments, blood leaving pulmonary capillaries has a PCO₂ of: (B)

a. 0 mmHg

b. 40 mmHg

c. 45 mmHg

d. 100 mmHg

24. Which of the following will increase O₂ diffusion in the lung? (B)

a. Decreasing the surface area of diffusion.

b. Increasing the partial pressure gradient between air and blood.

c. Increasing the thickness of the diffusion barrier.

d. Both a and c.

25. Hemoglobin can bind a maximum of: (D)

a. 1 oxygen molecule.

b. 2 oxygen molecules.

c. 3 oxygen molecules.

d. 4 oxygen molecules.

26. Which of the following factors will cause the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right (i.e. decreased affinity)? (C)

a. A decrease in temperature

b. An increase in pH

c. An increase in PCO₂

d. A decrease in 2,3-DPG

27. The right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin curve attributable to changes in pH and PCO₂ is referred to as: (D)

a. Dalton’s Law.

b. Henry’s Law.

c. the Haldane Effect.

d. the Bohr Effect.

28. Most CO₂ is carried in blood in the form of: (C)

a. carbamino groups

b. freely dissolved CO₂.

c. bicarbonate

d. carbonic acid.

29. Within systemic (i.e., tissue) capillaries, (B)

a. bicarbonate ions move into red blood cells and chloride ions move out.

b. bicarbonate ions move out of the red blood cells and chloride ions move in.

c. both bicarbonate and chloride ions move into the red blood cells

d. both bicarbonate and chloride ions move out of the red blood cells.

30. Which of the following will stimulate respiratory control centers to increase ventilation? (B)

a. A decrease in PCO₂

b. An increase in PCO₂

c. An increase in PO₂

d. An increase in pH

31. The fluid phase of blood that is left after the clotting factors precipitate out of solution is called: (B)

a. plasma.

b. serum.

c. lymph.

d. Both a and c.

32. Within blood, which of the following is considered to be a “formed element”? (C)

a. plasma proteins.

b. antibodies.

c. platelets.

d. clotting factors.

33. Red blood cells are created through a process known as erythropoiesis. Within this process, the stage at which hemoglobin synthesis takes place is called the: (B)

a. proerythroblast

b. erythroblast

c. normoblast

d. reticulocyte

34. Following destruction of red blood cells in the spleen, the iron that is liberated can be stored within cells of the liver bound to: (A)

a. ferritin.

b. transferrin.

c. bile salts.

d. bilirubin.

35. All of the following conditions will result in anemia except: (D)

a. a Vitamin B12 deficiency.

b. hemorrhage.

c. an iron deficiency.

d. erythropoietin.

36. With regard to white blood cells, which of the following is an agranulocyte? (A)

a. monocytes.

b. neutrophils.

c. eosinophils.

d. basophils.

37. Which of the following blood cell types does not originate from the myeloid stem cell? (C)

a. Red blood cells

b. Neutrophils

c. Lymphocytes

d. Monocytes

38. In stage 3 of hemostasis, soluble fibrinogen is converted into insoluble: (A)