NAME ___________________________________
Instructions: Record your answers directly on this sheet by circling the
correct response. For each
question, choose the single best response.
1. The
portion of the kidney that produces all the urine which passes to a single minor
calyx is called: (C)
a.
a nephron.
b.
a lobule.
c.
a lobe.
d.
the renal sinus.
2. Among
the general functions of the kidney are the synthesis and secretion of two
hormones called calcitriol and: (C)
a.
angiotensin II.
b.
aldosterone.
c.
erythropoitin.
d.
parathyroid hormone.
3. Within
a lobe of the kidney, the portion of cortex that lies to either side of the
medulla is called a: (A)
a.
renal column.
b.
renal sinus.
c.
renal papilla.
d.
renal pelvis.
4. The
renal corpuscle consists of two components called Bowman’s capsule and the:
(B)
a.
renal papilla.
b.
glomerulus.
c.
proximal tubule.
d.
distal tubule.
5. Within
the renal corpuscle, the space between adjacent pedicels of podocytes is called:
(D)
a.
the space of Bowman’s capsule.
b.
the glomerulus.
c.
the macula densa.
d.
a filtration slit.
6. The
structures that are responsible for restricting the passage of blood platelets
from plasma to the space of Bowman’s capsule are: (A)
a.
fenestrations between glomerular endothelial cells.
b.
gap junctions between glomerular endothelial cells.
c.
glomerular basement membranes.
d.
filtration slit diaphragms.
7. Which
of the following cell types possesses numerous microvilli on their apical
surfaces? (C)
a.
Podocytes
b.
Endothelial cells
c.
Proximal tubule cells
d.
Distal tubule cells
8. Histologically,
the terminal portion of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle most
resembles: (C)
a.
the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule.
b.
the proximal tubule.
c.
the distal tubule.
d.
a collecting duct .
9. Within
the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the JG cells represent specialized: (B)
a.
cells of the distal tubule.
b.
smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole.
c.
mesangial cells.
d.
cells of the proximal tubule.
10. Within
the kidney cortex, the region between successive medullary rays is called the:
(D)
a.
outer medulla.
b.
renal papilla.
c.
renal column.
d.
cortical labyrinth.
11. Within
the blood supply to the kidney, the arteries that are direct branches of
interlobar arteries are the: (D)
a.
afferent arterioles.
b.
interlobular arteries.
c.
renal arteries.
d.
arcuate arteries.
12. Which
of the following vessels gives rise to the vasa recta? (C)
a.
The loop of Henle
b.
Afferent arterioles
c.
Efferent arterioles
d.
Arcuate arteries
13. The
epithelial lining of the urinary bladder consists of a: (D)
a.
simple squamous epithelium.
b.
pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
c.
stratified squamous epithelium.
d.
transitional epithelium.
14. With
regard to the bladder, the only portion consisting of skeletal muscle is called
the: (D)
a.
detrusor muscle.
b.
trigone.
c.
internal urethral sphincter.
d.
external urethral sphincter.
15. The
micturition reflex involves: (B)
a.
relaxation of the detrusor muscle.
b.
an increase in parasympathetic nerve stimulation.
c.
an increase in sympathetic nerve stimulation .
d.
both a and c.
16. The
process by which substances are transferred from plasma to the glomerular
filtrate is called: (A)
a.
glomerular filtration.
b.
tubular reabsorption.
c.
tubuloglomerular feedback.
d.
none of the above.
17. The
amount of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles per unit time is called the:
(A)
a.
glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
b.
renal clearance.
c.
renal excretion rate.
d.
renal secretion rate.
18. The
urinary excretion rate for any substance is equal to: (B)
a.
amount filtered + amount reabsorbed + amount secreted.
b.
amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted.
c.
amount filtered + amount reabsorbed - amount secreted.
d.
amount filtered - amount reabsorbed - amount secreted.
19. For
which of the following blood components is there a concentration difference
between plasma and the glomerular filtrate? (D)
a.
glucose.
b.
Ca2+.
c.
amino acids.
d.
plasma proteins like albumin.
20. Like
any capillary, glomerular filtration depends on Starling forces.
Which of the following Starling forces is the largest in magnitude with
respect to the glomerulus? (A)
a.
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure
b.
Capsular hydrostatic pressure
c.
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
d.
Interstitial (i.e., capsular) fluid osmotic pressure
21. Within
the renal corpusle, the net filtration pressure is: (A)
a.
positive throughout the glomerular capillaries favoring filtration.
b.
positive in the first half of the glomerular capillaries but negative in
the second half.
c.
negative in the first half of the glomerular capillaries but positive in
the second half.
d.
negative throughout the glomerular capillaries favoring reabsorption.
22. Assuming
no compensatory mechanisms, net filtration will increase in the renal corpuscle when there is: (B)
a.
a decrease in glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure.
b.
a decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure.
c.
an increase in capsular hydrostic pressure.
d.
all of the above.
23. Which
of the following is involved with the kidney’s intrinsic
ability to maintain a constant renal blood flow and GFR despite changes in
systemic arterial pressure? (B)
a.
Stimulation by sympathetic nerves
b.
The myogenic response
c.
Angiotensin II
d.
All of the above
24. As a
result of tubuloglomerular feedback, an increase in GFR will result in: (C)
a.
vasodilation of the afferent arteriole.
b.
further increases in GFR.
c.
release of a vasoconstrictor substance which acts on the afferent
arteriole.
d.
both a and b.
25. The
two hormones which affect GFR are: (D)
a.
angiotensin II and ADH.
b.
ADH and aldosterone.
c.
ADH and ANP.
d.
angiotensin II and ANP.
26. Of
the various portions of the nephron, the segment where the bulk of reabsorption
takes place is the: (A)
a.
proximal tubule.
b.
loop of Henle.
c.
distal tubule.
d.
collecting duct.
27. Water
reabsorption always: (C)
a.
involves paracellular routes.
b.
involves transcellular routes.
c.
is passive (i.e., does not require ATP).
d.
is active (i.e., requires ATP).
28. The
movement of amino acids from tubular fluid into proximal tubule cells represents
and example of which of the following? (C)
a.
Facilitated diffusion
b.
Primary active transport
c.
Secondary active transport
d.
Osmosis
29. Na+
reabsorption is an example of primary active transport.
In this case the ATP is needed to supply the: (D)
a.
Na+-glucose symporter
b.
Na+-K+-2Cl- symporter
c.
H+-ATPase
d.
Na+-K+ ATPase
30. With
regard to glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule, which statement is FALSE? (C)
a.
Glucose reabsorption is coupled with Na+.
b.
The process requires ATP.
c.
Glucose crosses the basolateral membrane by means of a Na+-glucose
symporter.
d.
Normally all glucose is reabsorbed in this segment of the nephron.
31. Which
of the following substances is secreted into the tubular fluid within the
proximal tubule? (D)
a.
Na+
b.
Cl-
c.
Glucose
d.
Ammonia
32. Within
the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, Na+ entry from tubular
fluid into the loop of Henle cells occurs as a result of: (A)
a.
Na+-2Cl--K+ symporter
b.
Na+-glucose symporter
c.
Na+/H+ antiporter
d.
all of the above
33. By
the end of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, tubular fluid has an
osmolarity that is: (A)
a.
less than plasma.
b.
equal to plasma.
c.
greater than plasma.
34.
Within collecting ducts, the cells responsible for H+
secretion are the: (B)
a.
principal cells.
b.
intercalated cells.
c.
mesangial cells.
d.
both a and b.
35. Which
of the following stimulates the Na+/H+ antiporters on the
apical surfaces of proximal tubule cells? (A)
a.
Angiotensin II
b.
Aldosterone
c.
ADH
d.
ANP
36. Which
of the following stimulates principal cells of the late distal tubule and
collecting ducts to increase Na+ reabsorption and K+
secretion? (B)
a.
Angiotensin II
b.
Aldosterone
c.
ADH
d.
ANP
37. Which
of the following will cause water reabsorption to decrease? (D)
a.
Angiotensin II
b.
Aldosterone
c.
ADH
d.
ANP
38. In
the male, the organ responsible for androgen secretion is the: (A)
a.
testis.
b.
epididymis.
c.
seminal vesicle.
d.
prostate.
39. Within
the testis, seminiferous tubules are composed of a simple columnar epithelium
consisting of cells called: (D)
a. spermatids.
b.
Leydig cells.
c.
spermatocytes.
d.
Sertoli cells.
.
40. Within
the testis, which of the following cell types is found in the basal compartments
of seminiferous tubules? (D)
a.
Spermatids
b.
Spermatozoa
c.
Primary spermatocytes
d.
Type A pale spermatogonia
41. Within
the duct system of the male reproductive system, the storage organ for
spermatozoa in which they finish their maturation is called the: (B)
a.
testis.
b.
epididymis.
c.
seminal vesicle.
d.
vas deferens.
42. Which
of the following glands contribute fructose to semen? (B)
a.
The testis
b.
The seminal vesicle
c.
The prostate
d.
The bulbourethral gland
43. Within
the process of spermatogenesis, the cell which is formed as a result of meiosis
II is called the: (D)
a.
Type B spermatogonia.
b.
primary spermatocytes.
c.
secondary spermatocytes.
d.
spermatid.
44. The
process by which spermatids are converted to spermatozoa is called: (D)
a.
spermatogenesis.
b.
the acrosome reaction.
c.
emission.
d.
spermiogenesis.
45. The
target cell for luteinizing hormone (LH) is the: (A)
a.
Leydig cell.
b.
Sertoli cell.
c.
primary spermatocytes.
d.
All of the above
46. Within
the penis, the portion that contains the penile urethra is called the: (A)
a.
corpus spongiosum.
b.
corpus cavernosum.
c.
ejaculatory duct.
d.
bulbospongiosus muscle.
47. Gonadotropes of the posterior pituitary will decrease
their release of LH in response to: (D)
a.
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).
b.
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
c.
luteinizing hormone (LH).
d.
testosterone.
48. During
the process of emission, which event occurs first? (C)
a.
Contraction of smooth muscle of the prostate
b.
Contraction of smooth muscle of the seminal vesicle
c.
Contraction of smooth muscle of the vas deferens
d.
Contraction of skeletal muscle within the penis
49. Ejaculation
proper involves contraction of which of the following muscles? (D)
a.
Smooth muscle of the vas deferens
b.
Smooth muscle of the seminal vesicle
c.
Smooth muscle of the vas deferens
d.
The bulbospongiosus muscle.
50. The
most difficult exam that we have had thus far in this course is:
a.
Exam 1.
b.
Exam 2.
c.
Exam 3.
d.
This exam.
e.
None of the above because (despite my performance) they were all trivial
in difficulty level.