BIO 132 – Anatomy and Physiology II
1.1. Definition of Homeostasis and the Internal Environment:
a. constancy
b. blood pressure; body temperature; plasma (i.e., blood) concencentrations of various ions and other metabolically important molecules like O2, CO2, glucose, etc.
c. extracellular; internal environment
d. regulatory mechanisms
1.2. Negative Feedback:
a. a sensor; a controller; one or more effectors
b. baroreceptors; brainstem; heart; blood vessels; increase heart rate; vasoconstrict; increase
c. setpoint; error signal
1.3. Positive Feedback:
a. reinforce; oppose
b. more positive (i.e. further depolarized)
c. self-limited
1.4. Cellular Communication:
a. gap junction
b. nervous; neurotransmitters; synaptic cleft; receptors
c. neurons; skeletal muscle cells; smooth muscle cells; cardiac muscle cells; gland cells
d. milliseconds (msec)
e. hormones; blood stream
f. target cells
g. slower; days
h. neuroendocrine
i. autocrine; paracrine
1.5. Endocrine Glands:
a. endocrine; ducts; body surface
b. the pituitary gland; the thyroid gland; the parathyroid gland; the pineal; the adrenal gland
c. the kidney; the heart; the pancreas; organs of the GI tract, etc.
d. endocrinology; hypersecretion; hyposecretion
1.6. Control of Hormone Release:
a. humerol stimuli; neural stimuli; hormonal stimuli
b. plasma Ca2+ concentration
c. Catecholamine
d. hormones (in this case released from the hypothalamus)
e. a negative feedback loop
1.7. Chemical Classes of Hormones:
a. lipid soluble; water soluble
b. steroid; thyroid; benzene rings
c. amines; tyrosine; histidine; tryptophan
d. Eicosanoids; prostaglandins; leukotrienes
e. amino-acid based hormones; steroid hormones; eicosanoids (paracrine factors)
f. carrier protein; unbound (or free)
g. production; inactivation; half-life
1.8. Mechanisms of Hormone Action:
a. receptor
b. nucleus; DNA; mRNAs
c. surface (plasma membrane); ATP; adenylate cyclase; protein kinase A; phosphorylation; phosphodiesterase
d. phospholipase C; IP3; DAG; protein kinase C; intracellular stores; calmodulin
1.9. The Hypothalamus and Pituitary:
a. adenohypophysis; neurohypophysis; oral endoderm; neuroectoderm
b. pars distalis; pars intermedia; pars tuberalis
c. pars nervosa; infundibulum; median eminence
d. oxytocin; ADH; neurons; supraoptic nucleus; paraventricular nucleus
e. hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract; pituicytes
f. inferior hypophyseal
g. hypothalamus; anterior pituitary (pars distalis); releasing hormones; inhibiting hormones; superior hypophyseal
h. trophic; TSH; FSH; LH; ACTH
i. sella turcica
j. hypophysis