BIO 132 – Anatomy and Physiology II
Study Outline
11.1. Functions of Blood:
a. Blood is actually a specialized form of _______________________________ tissue consisting of cells suspended within a liquid called __________________________________.
b. The science that studies blood, blood forming tissues, and their disorders is called ______________________________________.
c. The three primary functions of blood are _____________________________, _____________________________, and _____________________________.
d. Among the physiological variables that are regulated through processes that take place in blood are ___________________________________________, ____________________________, and ____________________________.
e. Among the protective functions of blood include protection against __________________________ and ________________________________.
11.2. Composition of Blood:
a. After spinning a sample of whole blood in a centrifuge, the sample will consist of layers consisting of (starting at the bottom): ____________________________, ____________________________, and __________________________________.
b. Plasma occupies about ___________________________ of the total volume.
c. The pH of whole blood varies between pH __________________________ and ________________________.
d. The typical temperature of whole blood is ___________________________.
e. The blood volume of a healthy man is _____________________________, whereas that of a healthy woman is _________________________________.
f. Plasma consists of approximately _________________ water; _____________ proteins; and ____________________ of other solutes.
g. The term ____________________ proteins describes those proteins which can’t leave the blood stream. Except for most ________________________, all other plasma proteins are made in the ______________________________. Many globulins are in reality _________________________ made by cells of the immune system.
h. The term “formed elements” refers to ______________________________, __________________________, and _____________________________. Of these, only _____________________________ possess nuclei.
11.3. Erythrocytes: Structure and Function:
a. The term that describes the relative volume of blood occupied by RBCs is __________________________.
b. The average hematocrit of a healthy man is _________________________ whereas that of a healthy woman is _______________________________.
c. The diameter of a RBC is ~ ____________________________, and its shape can be described as a __________________________________________.
d. To maintain constant RBC numbers, approximately _____________________ are made per second and _________________________ are destroyed per second.
e. The major intracellular protein of RBCs is ____________________________.
f. Each hemoglobin molecule consists of ___________________ protein chains, each coupled to a ______________________ group. At the center of each heme group is an atom of _______________________ which can bind reversibly with ____________________________.
g. Besides oxygen, hemoglobin can also bind to _______________________.
11.4. Erythrocytes: Lifecycle:
a. RBCs live for an average of about _________________________________.
b. They are formed through the process of _____________________________. Within this process the cell which becomes committed to RBC formation is called the _____________________________. The cell which begins protein synthesis is called the ____________________________.
c. RBCs are formed within _________________________________. The cell that is eventually released into the blood stream is called a ___________________________________.
d. RBC formation requires adequate supplies of ________________________ and ____________________________. It is stimulated by a hormone called ___________________________ made in the kidney in response to ______________________________. In the male ____________________ stimulates production of this hormone.
e. RBC destruction takes place mainly in the ____________________________. The Fe3+ is removed and circulates in blood associated with ____________________________. The non-iron portion of heme is eventually converted into ______________________ which is used to make bile.
11.5.
Erythrocytes:
Disorders:
a. Anemia involves a low oxygen carrying capacity and can be due to _________________________, ______________________________, or ______________________________.
b. In examples of anemia involving a decreased hemoglobin content, these usually result from a ______________________ deficiency or a lack of vitamin B12 due to a lack of __________________________________.
c. An example of an anemia caused by insufficient RBCs is _________________________________.
d. Two examples of anemias resulting from abnormal hemoglobin are ________________________ and _____________________________.
e. By contrast, too many RBCs is a condition known as ____________________________________, which can affect the _________________________ of blood. These individuals will have an elevated _____________________________.
11.6.
Leukocytes:
a. The pluripotent stem cell gives rise to two cell lines involving the ____________________________ and ______________________________.
b. Platelets are derived from cells called _______________________________, and their formation is stimulated by _________________________________.
c. Lymphocytes derive from ____________________________ stem cells.
d. White blood cell formation is stimulated by two classes of hormones called _________________________ and _______________________________.
e. Leukocytes are subdivided into _____________________________ and _____________________________.
f. Granulocytes consist of ___________________________, ______________________________, and ________________________.
g. Agranulocytes consist of ________________________________ and _____________________________, of which the latter are further subdivided into ______________________________ and _______________________.
h. The condition of an abnormally low white count is called ________________________________.
i. _______________________ are cancers involving elevated white counts.
11.7. Hemostasis:
a. Hemostasis involves three phases called _____________________________, __________________________, and ________________________________.
b. Vascular spasm involves _________________________________________.
c. Platelet plug formation consists of three phases called ____________________________, ____________________________, and _________________________________.
d. Platelets release _____________________ which makes nearby cells sticky and ______________________________ which activates nearby cells. In addition _____________________ and ________________________ act as vasoconstrictors.
e. The fluid that is left after all the clotting factors precipitate from plasma is called _______________________________.
f. The first stage of clotting, the formation of prothrombinase involves two pathways called the ____________________ and ______________________ pathway.
g. In the second stage of clotting, prothombinase and ______________________ convert prothrombin to ______________________________.
h. In stage 3, soluble fibrinogen is converted into insoluble ____________________________.
i. Permanent repair of the blood vessel involves recruitment of new cells that form the vessel walls, stimulated by _________________________________.
j. Clotting factors require vitamin __________________________ which is ________________________ soluble in the gut.
k. Once a blood vessel has healed, clots are removed by the enzymatic action of _______________________________.
l. The term __________________________ refers to clotting in an undamaged blood vessel. These are dangerous because they can travel in blood as an ________________________ and lodge in other vital organs.
m. Aspirin blocks ______________________ and so helps reduce the risk of clots. Other anticoagulent drugs are __________________________ and __________________________________.
n. The term ______________________ refers to a group of inherited diseases involving a congenital lack of clotting factors.
11.8. Blood Groups and Types:
a. In the ABO blood group system, people with type A blood have ________________________ on their RBCs; type B blood have _______________________; type AB have __________________________ and type O have _________________________.
b. Because a person only has antibodies to blood antigens that that don’t have, this means that type _________________________ is the universal recipient and type _____________________ is the universal donor. Similarly type A blood can only receive blood from a donor that is either type ______________ or _______________________; and type B can receive blood from a donor that is either type ________________ or _________________________.
c. In the Rh system, most people are ______________________, meaning that they possess these antibodies.