BIO 132 – Anatomy and Physiology II
Study Outline
12.1. Resistance:
a. The ability of the body to fight off disease is called ___________________________ which comes in two general types called ______________________________ and ____________________________.
b. Within non-specific resistance mechanisms, the first line of defense are the _____________________________ and ______________________________ which provide physical barriers for pathogens.
c. Another name for specific resistance is ___________________________ and involves activation of cells of the _____________________________ system.
12.2. The Lymphatic System:
a. The fluid that flows through lymphatic vessels is called ________________, which ultimately passes to ________________________ blood.
b. The functions of the lymphatic system include ________________________, ______________________________, and ____________________________.
c. Lymphoid tissues and organs are classified as _________________________ and _____________________________ based on whether mature B or T cells are formed there. The site where mature B cells are formed is the ______________________________________ whereas T cells mature in the ______________________________________.
d. The thymus is located just behind the ________________________________, and begins to regress after ____________________________________. It is subdivided by connective tissue septa into ____________________________, each consisting of a _____________________ and a ___________________.
e. Besides T cells, the other main cell type of the thymus is called the _______________________________ which forms circular structures called ________________________________.
f. The spleen monitors ______________________________ for the presence of pathogens. In addition old _______________________ and other blood cells are destroyed here in sinuses located in __________________________ pulp. Surrounding central arteries are lymphocytes that form __________________ pulp.
g. Lymph nodes receive lymph from vessels called _______________________ lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes also contain a _____________________ and a ___________________________________. Within the cortex can be found ________________________________, sites where B cell proliferation can be found. Lymph leaves the lymph node in the form of one or more __________________________________________ lymphatic vessels.
h. Tonsils are similar to lymph nodes in possessing ______________________ and ____________________________________, but differ by lacking _______________________, nor do they possess a _____________________ and __________________. The three tonsils are called the __________________, _______________________, and ________________.
12.3. Non-Specific Resistance:
a. The ___________________________ and ____________________________ membranes provide the mechanical barriers within the first line of defense against pathogens.
b. The two exocrine secretions involved with skin are _____________________ and __________________________.
c. Other exocrine secretions that function in non-specific resistance include __________________________, _________________________________, __________________________, and ______________________________.
d. The second line of defense includes _______________________________, ______________________________, and __________________________.
e. Two examples of antimicrobial proteins are _________________________ and the __________________________ system of blood. Of these two, the __________________________ act by stimulating cells to produce antiviral agents.
f. Lymphocytes that lack surface markers identifying them as either B or T cells are called ________________________________ which kill cells which lack surface proteins identifying the cell as self which are called ____________________________________.
g. Phagocytes are attracted to a particular location in a process called ___________________________ and act by digesting pathogens in a process called _______________________________. Examples of phagocytes include ____________________ and ______________________________.
h. Inflammation involves three steps: _________________________________, __________________________, and finally _________________________. Of these histamine is involved in __________________________________. When phagocytes die and accumulate, they form _____________________ which if it over-accumulates forms an _____________________________ or ____________________________________,
i. Fever can be useful because the increased temperature further activates _____________________________ and inhibits the growth of microbes.
12.4. Types of Immune Cells and Responses:
a. The immune response differs from non-specific responses in that there is a ____________________________ and a _____________________________.
b. The branch of medicine that studies the immune system is called _________________________________.
c. T cells which acquire the CD4 cell surface receptor go on to become _________________________ cells whereas those with the CD8 cell surface receptor become ________________________________.
d. Immune responses can be categorized as ____________________________ or __________________________________________.
12.5. Types of Antigen and Antigen Presenting Cells:
a. ___________________________ are specific molecules or portions of molecules that can be recognized by and induce an immune response. The specific part of the antigen that triggers the response is called an ____________________________.
b. Most cells of the body are identified as “self” due to the presence of ______________________________ on their cell surface. When the immune system fails to recognize a cell as “self”, the result is referred to as an __________________________ disease.
c. While B cells can recognize and bind to antigens, T cells can only recognize antigens that have been taken up by __________________________ cells. In this process, the antigen fragments are complexed with _____________________________ and inserted onto the cell surface of the antigen-presenting cell. Examples of antigen presenting cells include _________________________ and _______________________________.
12.6. Cell Mediated Immunity:
a. The antigen on the antigen presenting cell is recognized by ___________________ cells which in response to this and the presence of cytokines like ________________________ cause these immature cells to form a clone consisting of _________________________________ and _______________________________.
b. Activated T helper cells release other cytokines, mainly _________________________ which affect ______________________ cells along with _______________________ and ______________________ cells.
c. Immature T killer cells respond to antigen expressed on the surface of infected cells in combination with _____________________________. Once activated, these cells form ___________________________________ and __________________________ cells. Activation of these immature T killer cells also requires ____________________________________.
12.7. Humoral Immunity:
a. Specific antigens activate B cells to form __________________________ and _________________________________.
b. Plasma cells in turn release antibodies which come in 5 classes called __________________, ____________________, ______________________, ___________________________, and _______________________________.
c. Once they have bound the antigen, B cells are also stimulated with cytokines, primarily ________________________ released by _______________ cells.
12.8. Immunological Memory:
a. Immunological memory involves ___________________________, __________________________, and _______________________ cells.
b. Following a second exposure, the response is _________________, and ___________________. These phenomena form the basis of __________________________________.