BIO 132 – Anatomy and Physiology II
Study Outline
13.1. Functions of the Cardiovascular System:
a. The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to provide a ________________________ system for delivery of substances throughout the body.
b. Among the substances transported are _______________________________, ___________________________, __________________________________, and _______________________________.
13.2. Diffusion versus Convective Transport:
a. The fundamental means of transport of substances in the body is _________________________________, a _________________________ process in which individual molecules move by random _________________________________.
b. The Einstein (1905) equation states that the time for a molecule to diffuse is proportional to ____________________________ and inversely proportional to __________________________________.
c. While most molecules can diffuse distances of around 10 microns or less on a time scale of ___________________________, longer distances require a different type of transport called __________________________________.
d. Convective transport requires ____________________________, in this case supplied by the _____________________________.
13.3. The Heart as a Pump:
a. The heart is actually 2 pumps connected in ___________________________.
b. The systemic circulation extends from the ___________________________ to the __________________________ and consists of blood vessels called ____________________________, _______________________________, and ____________________________.
c. The pulmonary circulation extends from the ________________________ to the ______________________________.
d. The period in which the heart is contracting is called ___________________ and the period when it is relaxed is called ____________________________.
e. The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute is called the _____________________________, which for a person at rest is typically on the order of _____________________________.
f. The cardiac output of the right ventricle is _____________________ to the cardiac output of the left ventricle.
g. Cardiac output is equal to ___________________ x ___________________.
13.4. The Determinants of Blood Flow:
a. The main factor that drives blood along blood vessels after it has left the heart is _________________________________.
b. Blood flow is defined as a _____________________ of blood per unit ____________________________.
c. Blood flow is proportional to ______________________________ and inversely proportional to ______________________________.
d. In the circulation we can substitute __________________________ for flow; the ___________________________________ for the inlet pressure; the ______________________________________ for the outlet pressure; and ______________________________________ for the vascular resistance.
e. Mean arterial pressure is the product of _________________________ multiplied by __________________________________.
13.5. Location of the Heart and Pericardium:
a. The heart is about the size of your _____________________________.
b. The heart is located in a space called the _________________________.
c. On the right side, the top of the heart is found at about the ____________________________________, whereas the apex lies in the _____________________________________.
d. The ____________________________ is a tough connective tissue layer that anchors the pericardium to surrounding structures like the _____________________________________.
e. The ___________________________ is a single layer of mesothelial cells that can be subdivided into a ____________________________ layer and a __________________________ layer. The _________________________ lies between.
f. Inflammation of the pericardium is a condition called __________________ which can involve fluid buildup so that the heart becomes compressed and stops beating – a situation called ________________________________.
13.6. Layers of the Heart:
a. The three layers of the heart are called the ____________________________, _____________________________, and _____________________________. Of these the ___________________________ is the only one which contains cardiac muscle.
b. The endocardium is lined by a layer of _______________________________. It is thickest in the _____________________________.
c. The outermost layer is called the ______________________________which often becomes thickened due to the presence of adipose tissue. One region where this is particularly true is the ________________________________.
13.7. Chambers of the Heart:
a. The heart consists of two ________________________________ and two _______________________________. The general division between the two types of chambers is indicated by the ________________________________.
b. The two ventricles are subdivided by grooves called the _________________________ and the _____________________________.
c. The portion of the atria that look like dog ears are called the _________________________.
d. The right atrium receives blood from the ____________________________, __________________________, and _______________________________.
e. The wall of the right atrium has a rough portion formed by structures called ____________________________, while the rest is smooth walled.
f. The left atrium receives blood from the _____________________________.
g. The right ventricle has projections of the wall called ____________________ and ______________________. Of these the _________________________ connect to chordae tendinae that also attach to _________________________.
h. The right and left ventricles are separated by the _______________________. The right and left atria are separated by the ___________________________.
i. The apex of the heart is formed by the _______________________________.
j. Most of the heart seen from the front that sits on the diaphragm consists of the _________________________________.
k. Connecting the aorta and pulmonary trunk is a vestigial structure called the _______________________ which represents what is left of an embryonic structure called the ___________________________ which shunted fetal blood away from the ___________________________.
13.8. Atrioventricular (AV) Valves:
a. The right AV valve is called the _________________________ because it has _____________________ cusps.
b. The left AV valve is called the __________________________ because it has _____________________ cusps. It’s more common name though is the _____________________ valve.
c. AV valves are open when ________________________________ exceeds _________________________________. This occurs particularly during __________________________________.
d. AV valves are closed when ________________________________ exceeds ______________________________. This occurs particularly during ______________________________.
e. __________________________ contract preventing eversion of AV valve cusps up into the atria.
f. Failure of AV valve cusps to close results in __________________________ of blood back into the atria.
13.9. Semilunar Valves:
a. The two semilunar valves are present between the ______________________ and the _________________________; and the ________________________ and the _______________________________.
b. The semilunar valves are open when _________________________________ exceeds ___________________________ and are closed when the _______________________________ exceeds the ____________________. These valves are usually open during _______________________________.
c. When a valve is narrowed, this is called _____________________________ and causes the heart to ________________________________.
d. When semilunar valves leak, this is called __________________________, and this tends to decrease ____________________________ and causes the heart to _________________________________.
e. A disease which is correlated with mitral and aortic semilunar valve problems is ____________________________________.
3.10. Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart:
a. The fibrous skeleton of the heart consists of the ________________________, the _______________________, and the _____________________________.
b. The functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart are ___________________, _________________________, and _________________________________.
3.11. Coronary Circulation:
a. The coronary circulation consists of two main arteries called the __________________________ and the ____________________________, both branches of the ________________________.
b. The right coronary artery has two major branches called the _______________________ and the ________________________________.
c. The left coronary artery has two major branches called the ________________________ and the ______________________________.
d. Blood flow through the coronary circulation virtually ceases during _________________________________.
e. The three main cardiac veins are the _______________________________, ___________________________ and ______________________________. All three drain to a vessel called the _________________________ which in turn drains to the ___________________________________.
f. The condition in which thoracic pain is generated in response to a brief interruption of coronary blood supply is called _______________________. If prolonged, heart tissue can die resulting in a _______________________, commonly referred to as a ___________________________.
3.12. Cardiac Muscle:
a. Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle fibers are _______________________ and operate using the __________________________.
b. Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle fibers are _____________________, and have only ___________________ nucleus located in the _______________________ of the cell.
c. Individual cardiac muscle fibers are joined by structures called _______________________ which contain both _____________________ and _________________________. The _____________________ allow for impulses to rapidly spread from cell to cell, while the ___________________ provide for _________________________________.