BIO 132 – Anatomy and Physiology II
Study Outline
14.1. General Structure of Blood Vessels:
a. Blood vessels come in three basic types called ________________________, ___________________________, and _______________________________.
b. Blood vessels typically possess three layers called the __________________, __________________________, and _______________________________.
c. The innermost layer is called the ________________________________ and consists of a single layer of ________________________________ cells and a ______________________________________. In certain veins, this layer forms _______________________________.
d. The layer which houses circularly arranged smooth muscle is called the ___________________________________ and is separated from the tunica intima by the ________________________________.
e. The outermost layer is called the ________________________________ and consists of __________________________________. It is separated from the tunica media by the ________________________________.
14.2. Types of Blood Vessels:
a. ______________________ tend to be thicker walled than veins, primarily because of the ___________________________.
b. Smooth muscle contraction produces a narrowing of the blood vessel called _________________________________ or if relaxed produces _________________________________.
c. The largest arteries are called __________________________ because of the presence of _________________________ in their tunica media. As a result these arteries stretch when blood enters them and then __________________ which helps maintain pressure.
d. The next smallest class of artery is the _____________________________, named for the smooth muscle content in the __________________________.
e. The smallest type of artery with a complete smooth muscle layer are the _________________________ which tend to control blood flow through the __________________________.
f. Capillaries have only a single layer of __________________________ and a ______________________________.
g. The predominant layer of venules and veins is the ______________________.
h. The largest veins have ________________________________ in their tunica adventitia.
i. Leaky veins, especially in the lower limbs give rise to a condition called _________________________________.
14.3. Microcirculation:
a. While most tissues are supplied by capillaries, three examples of avascular tissues are the __________________________________________, ___________________________, and ______________________________.
b. The capillary density is usually proportional to the ______________________ of the tissue.
c. Flow through a capillary bed is controlled by smooth muscle called the _____________________________. When constricted, blood is shunted into a vessel called the ________________________________ which becomes a ______________________________________. On the other hand when the precapillary sphincters are relaxed blood flows through the ________________________________________.
d. Capillaries come in three types called _____________________________, _______________________, and _______________________________. Of these the _____________________________ are the most permeable and the ____________________________________ are the least.
e. The internal surface of endothelial cells is lined by a layer called the _______________________________________.
f. Many endothelial cells in capillaries have small vesicles called ______________________________.
g. The cell type which can often be found outside of endothelial cells in capillaries and ____________________ is called the __________________. Its functions are thought to include ________________________________ and _________________________________.
14.4. Arrangement of the Circulation:
a. While the dimensions of individual vessels decreases from arteries to capillaries, the total cross-sectional area ____________________________ due to ______________________________.
b. Most blood volume is found in the _____________________________. As a result these vessels are called ____________________________________.
c. Constriction of veins is sometimes called __________________________ and will result in a re-distribution of blood from the ______________________ to the ______________________________.
d. A portal circulation consists of two _________________________ arranged in _____________________________________. Two examples where such arrangements are found are the _____________________________________ and ______________________________.