BIO 132 – Anatomy and
Physiology II
Study Outline
17.1.
Profile of Blood Pressure and Velocity in the Systemic
Circulation:
a. ________________________ is the study of how blood
moves and involves the relationships between blood pressure, flow, and
hydraulic resistance.
b. The main factor that drives blood along blood
vessels is a gradient of ______________________________.
c. Arterial pressure is
___________________________ in elastic and muscular arteries, but becomes
increasingly damped in the arterioles.
d. The greatest pressure drop occurs in the
___________________________ and ____________________________.
e. The velocity of blood flow refers to the
linear displacement of blood with time and has units of _____________________
per unit _____________________. Velocity
is defined as flow divided by _______________________________.
f.
As blood
travels from the aorta down to the capillary level, the mean velocity
__________________________________. This
is because although flow is essentially constant (in this case equal to
____________________________), the ______________________________ is
increasing.
g. As blood flows from capillaries back to the
heart in veins, the velocity ________________________________.
17.2. Principles Governing Blood Flow:
a. Blood flow is proportional to the
_________________________ and inversely proportional to the
_________________________________.
b. When the basic flow equation is applied to
the systemic circulation, the flow is equal to
________________________________; the inlet pressure is
___________________________________; the outlet pressure is equal to
_________________________________; and the resistance is equivalent to
_______________________________________.
c. Be rearrangement we obtain the basic
relationship that mean arterial pressure is equal to the product of
______________ and ______________________.
17.3. Vascular Resistance:
a. Vascular resistance arises from
______________________ between adjacent _______________________________ within
the moving fluid.
b. In the smallest arteries and arterioles where
we find the greatest pressure drop, the large pressure drop is associated with
a high _______________________.
c. According to Poiseuille’s
Law, vascular resistance is proportional to ________________________ and
____________________________; and inversely proportional to ___________________
raised to the fourth power.
d. Any condition that increases blood viscosity will _____________________ resistance. As an example, when the number of RBCs is elevated, viscosity will
___________________, a condition known as ___________________.
e. A decrease in the number of RBCs (a condition known as _____________________________)
will result in ______________________ in resistance.
f.
Owing to
the fourth power term, changes in ___________________________ have profound
influences on vascular resistance. Thus
__________________ will increase vascular resistance and ___________________
will decrease it. Changes in vessel dimensions
can control ______________________ through an organ or can be used to affect
______________________________.
17.4. The Arterial Pressure Pulse:
a. The radial pulse can give you an indication
of _________________________ and the magnitude of the ___________________________. A strong pulse is usually an indication of a
large ________________________ whereas a weak pulse indicates a
____________________________________ stroke volume.
b. The pulse pressure is equal to
______________________________ minus the
______________________________________.
c. The magnitude of the pulse pressure depends
on the ____________________ and the _______________________.
d. The degree of distensibility
of an artery can be quantified by determining the arterial __________________________________,
defined as the change in _________________________________ divided by the
change in _____________________________________.
e. Arterial compliance
________________________________ with age.
As a result, pulse pressure will
____________________________________. An
unfortunate consequence of decreased arterial compliance is that the
________________________________________ of the heart is increased.
f.
Pulse
pressure is proportional to the difference of _____________________ and
_______________________.
g. In the aortic pressure wave form, the
___________________ is an indication of aortic valve closure.
17.5. Measurement of Arterial
Pressure:
a. Mean arterial pressure is determined by
adding diastolic pressure to the quantity: (_____________________ minus
_________________________) divided by 3.
b. The ordinary method for determining blood
pressure is called _____________________________________. In this method when the cuff pressure is
lowered to a point just below _____________________________, there is a brief
spurt of blood into the artery causing a ______________________________
sound. When cuff pressure is lowered to
the point where sounds cease, this pressure is considered to be
_____________________________.
17.6. Determinants of Arterial Blood
Pressure:
a. Arterial pressure will increase when either
_______________________ or ______________________ increase.
b. Heart rate is controlled by the
_____________________________ (positive chronotropic)
and ___________________________ (negative chronotropic)
systems.
c. Stroke volume will increase with an increase
in ________________________ (positive inotropic) and
___________________________. Venous
return will increase with ___________________________, _______________________,
_________________________, and venoconstriction.
d. Mean blood pressure will
______________________ with an increase in total peripheral resistance (a.k.a systemic vascular resistance). Total peripheral resistance will increase
with an increase in ___________________________, ________________________ and a
decrease in _______________________.
17.7. Capillary Exchange:
a. Substances enter and leave capillaries via
one or more of three different mechanisms called ________________________,
_________________________, and __________________________.
b. The factors that govern bulk flow are
summarized by ______________________________.
In this process the movement of water and solutes from blood to
interstitial fluid is called _____________________ whereas the movement from
interstitial fluids to blood is called ______________________________.
c. Starling’s Law states that relative fluid and
solute movement is dependent on the balance of two sets of forces:
________________________________ and ______________________________.
d. Hydrostatic forces are due to pressures found
within blood vessels (called _____________________________) and those in
interstitial fluids (called ________________________________). The CHP varies from about
__________________________ to about __________________________ as blood flows
through the capillary. By contrast the
IHP is essentially zero.
e. Oncotic forces are due to osmotic pressure created
by solutes that are restricted to plasma (called __________________________) or
interstitial fluid (called ___________________________). The COP is usually about ____________________
whereas the IOP is about ____________________.
f.
Starling’s
Law states that the net filtration pressure is equal to _______________________
minus ____________________________. The
two forces that promote filtration are ________________________________ and
_________________________; whereas the two forces that promote reabsorption are
_________________________________________ and _____________________________________.
g. At the arterial end of a capillary the net
filtration pressure is ____________________, favoring net
____________________________.
h. At the venous end of a capillary, the net
filtration pressure is _______________________, favoring net __________________________.
17.8. Causes of Edema:
a. Excess fluid that is not reabsorbed back into
capillaries passes to __________________________. When fluid accumulates in the interstitial
space, this condition is called _________________________.
b. The four basic conditions that will favor
edema are ____________________ (which will increase CHP);
________________________ (which will increase IOP), ___________________________
(which will decrease COP), and _____________________________.