BIO 132 – Anatomy and
Physiology II
Study Outline
19.1. Overview of the Urinary System:
a. The urinary system consists of paired _______________________________; paired ________________________; and a _______________________ and _______________________________.
b. Anatomically, the kidneys are located in the ___________________________ whereas the bladder is found in the __________________________________.
c. In accomplishing their role in filtering blood, the kidneys receive about _______________________________ % of cardiac output in a resting person.
d. The branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the urinary system is called __________________________________.
e. The kidneys contribute to homeostasis in four ways: _______________________________; ______________________________; _____________________________; and _____________________________.
f. In particular the kidneys release two hormones called ___________________________ and _______________________________.
19.2. Anatomy of the Kidney:
a. The concave surface of the kidney is called the ________________________ which represents the region where __________________________________, ____________________________, and ______________________________ enter and leave the kidneys.
b. The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity between spinal segments _______________________ and ___________________________, and are ________________________________.
c. Each kidney is organized into _______________________, defined as that portion that produces urine that passes to a minor calyx. Each minor calyx in turn passes to a _____________________________ which all converge on the ______________________________________ which narrows to form the ___________________________________.
d. Within a lobe, there is an inner portion called the _______________________ and an outer portion called the __________________________________. In particular the medulla of each lobe is sometimes referred to as a ___________________________, whose apex projects into a region of the inner medulla called the ___________________________________.
e. The ___________________________ are portions of cortex that lie to either side of the medulla within a lobe.
f. The space in the middle of the kidney where the larger blood vessels are found is called the __________________________________.
g. The basic functional unit of the kidney is called the _________________________________, which consists of four parts called: ____________________________; ______________________________; ____________________________; and ____________________________. Each nephron drains to a structure called the ________________________.
19.3. The Renal Corpuscle:
a. The renal corpuscle consists of two components called the ___________________________ and ____________________________.
b. Bowman’s capsule consists of two layers called the ___________________________ and ____________________________. The parietal layer consists of a single layer of flattened cells. The visceral layer consists of modified epithelial cells called ______________________. The space of Bowman’s capsule is continuous with the ______________________________.
c. The ___________________________ is a capillary bed consisting of ____________________________ capillaries that lack occluding diaphragms.
d. The ____________________________ is the combined basement membrane for the endothelium and the _________________________________.
e. Podocytes contact the glomerular basement membrane via a number of foot-like processes called __________________________________. The space between adjacent pedicels is called the __________________________ and is spanned by _______________________________.
f.
With regard to the filtration barrier, it is the
_________________________ that restricts the passage of
__________________________ including blood cells and
______________________________. The
____________________ excludes on the basis of size and ________________________________.
The filtration slit diaphragms regulate _______________________________.
19.4. Proximal Tubule:
a. The proximal tubule extends from the _______________________________ to the _________________________________.
b. It is lined by a _______________________________ epithelium consisting of cells that possess a _____________________________ that is attributable to numerous _______________________ that form their apical surface.
c. Proximal tubule cells contain large numbers of _______________________, which are a reflection of the large number of _________________________ ion pumps in their membranes.
19.5. The Loop of Henle and Distal Tubule:
a. The Loop of Henle consists of _________________________________ and _______________________________ portions, each of which has a ___________________________ and _____________________________ part.
b. While the thick limbs consist of a simple cuboidal epithelium, the thin limbs consist of ____________________________________ cells.
c. Unlike the proximal tubule, the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle lacks a _________________________________.
d. Similarly, cells of the _________________________________ also lack brush border. At the point where the distal tubule contacts its own renal corpuscle, it forms the _________________________________.
e. While the first portion of the loop of Henle called the _____________________________ resembles histologically the proimal tubule, the thick ascending limb resembles the _____________________.
f. Of the two types of nephrons, it is the _____________________________ that have long thin loops that extend down into the inner medulla. These nephrons are named because of their proximity to the ___________________ of the kidney whereas cortical nephrons are located in the more superficial parts of the ____________________________ of the kidney.
g. Besides the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular apparatus also consists of specialized smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole called _______________________________ cells. One of the functions of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is participation in _________________________ feedback.
19.6. Collecting Ducts:
a. Collecting ducts receive the tubular fluid from many ___________________, and thus are not considered part of any one nephron.
b. Histologically, collecting ducts begin as a ____________________________ epithelium, whose cells become progressively taller as the collecting ducts descend into the inner medulla.
c. In the cortex, the collecting duct lies in a region called the __________________________________. The region in between successive medullary rays is called the ________________________________________.
d. The anatomical structure called the lobule has a ________________________ in the center and surrounded by portions of ___________________________.
19.7. Nerve and Blood Supply of the Kidney:
a. While the kidneys receive nerves of the autonomic nervous system, these nerves are exclusively _________________________________ as the kidney does not receive any _____________________________________ nerves.
b. Each kidney is supplied by an artery called the _________________________ which in turn divides into __________________________________ and then ________________________________ which are named because they course between adjacent lobes. As the interlobar arteries approach the cortical-medullary junction, they branch _____________________________ arteries.
c. Within the cortex, the largest artery is called the _________________________________ artery based on its location between adjacent lobules. It is these arteries which in turn branch the afferent arterioles which supply the ___________________________________.
d. Efferent arterioles carry blood to a second capillary plexus called the ____________________________ capillaries. In the case of juxtamedullary nephrons, however, the efferent arteriole forms a capillary plexus called the _______________________________ which accompanies the loop of Henle into the medulla, thus representing the blood supply of this region.
e. From peritubular capillaries, blood flows back to heart in veins called (in order) the ______________________________________, which drain to __________________________, which drain to _____________________, which drain to __________________________________ which in turn drain to the renal vein.
f. The vasa recta drain directly to the ________________________________.
19.8. The Ureters and Bladder:
a. Each ureter forms from a narrowing of the ___________________________, and descends into the pelvis to end in the ____________________________.
b. Histologically, the ureter is lined by a _______________________________.
c. The smooth muscle of the ureter generates __________________________ waves that move the urine forward toward the bladder.
d. At their termination with the bladder, the ureters open obliquely through the wall thereby preventing ________________________ of urine from bladder to the ureter. Furthermore as the bladder fills, the pressure compresses these oblique openings preventing ______________________________.
e. The bladder is a highly distensible organ whose function is to __________________________________. Like the ureters, the epithelium is _______________________________. In the empty bladder, the inner wall is thrown into folds called ________________________ which disappear upon distension.
f. The smooth muscle of the top and upper sides of the bladder is called the ___________________________ muscle whereas the triangular base of the bladder is called the ______________________________.
g. The ______________________________ consists of smooth muscle whereas the external urethral sphincter consists of _____________________________.
19.9. The Micturition Reflex:
a. Discharge of urine from the bladder is called __________________________ and involves a reflex consisting of both ______________________________ and _______________________________ components.
b. As the bladder is filling, it is under __________________________________ control which results in relaxation of the ______________________________ muscle and contraction of the ______________________________________ and _______________________________ muscles.
c. When the bladder fills enough, _____________________________ receptors in the wall transmit sensory impulses to the sacral spinal cord triggering a reflex called the __________________________________. These neurons are called the ____________________________________.
d. The micturition center, when activated stimulates ______________________ nerves which cause the ____________________________ muscle to contract, and the ____________________ and ____________________ to relax.
e. Sensory impulses also pass to the brain giving us the conscious sensation of _________________________________.
f. Because the external urethral sphincter is skeletal muscle, micturition involves the inhibition of _______________________________ supplying this muscle.
g. A lack of voluntary control over micturition is called ____________________ which is normal in infants and young children because the neurons supplying the external sphincter have not fully developed. Incontinence can occur in adults due to a number of causes ranging from _________________________ to ________________________.