BIO 132 – Anatomy and Physiology II
Study Outline
4.1. Gross Anatomy of the Large Intestine:
a. The large intestine extends from the ___________________ to the ____________________. It is referred to as “large” because of its ____________________.
b. The four principal divisions of the large intestine are the ________________, ____________________, __________________, and ___________________.
c. The colon, itself is subdivided into ________________, _________________, _____________________, and _______________________ portions.
d. The longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa is organized into _______________ longitudinal bands called ______________________. Contraction of this muscle throws the colon wall into pocket-like sacs called ______________________.
e. The _____________________ are small fat-filled pouches that hang from the colon surface.
f. The term which describes the transition from the ascending to transverse colon is the ______________________, and the ______________________ is the transition from transverse to descending colon.
g. The outermost layer of the colon wall in the transverse and sigmoid colons is called a(n) _____________________.
h. Within the rectum are ____________________which are transverse folds which create internal bends.
i. The __________________ lies below the level of the pelvic floor. Inflammation of the superficial veins in this portion gives rise to a condition called __________________.
j. Within the anal canal, the internal anal sphincter is composed of __________________ muscle, whereas the external anal sphincter is composed of _____________________ muscle tissue.
4.2. The Vermiform Appendix:
a. The vermiform appendix is usually attached to the _______________ of the large intestine although it can be found attached to the _________________ or as high up as the ________________ colon.
b. This histology of the appendix is similar to that of the ________________ intestine.
c. Because the appendix is a blind-ended sac, it can become easily inflamed, a condition known as _______________________.
4.3. Microscopic Anatomy of the Large Intestine:
a. Unlike the arrangement of the mucosa in the small intestine, the large intestine contains no _________________ or _____________________, but does contain crypts.
b. The two basic cell types in the surface epithelium are the _________________ cells and the ______________________, of which __________________ cells are more frequent. However, unlike the small intestine, _______________ cells are absent.
c. The major role of the ___________________ epithelium besides mucus secretion is ________________ absorption.
4.4. General Structure of Exocrine Glands:
a. The circular arrangement of secretory cells is called a(n) ______________, of which there are two basic types called _______________________ acini and ___________________ acini. In addition the combination of the two is often observed, in this case referred to as a _________________ acinus with a _____________________.
b. While both serous and mucous acinar cells have nuclei located in the basal portion of the cell, nuclei of ______________________ cells are round whereas those of _________________________ are flattened.
c. __________________ cells surround the outside of acini and are contractile.
d. Intralobular ducts are classifed as ________________________ ducts or _____________________ ducts. The intercalated ducts are lined by a _____________________ epithelium whereas the ___________________ ducts are lined by simple columnar epithelium.
4.5. The Salivary Glands:
a. The three paired salivary glands are called the ____________________ gland, the ___________________ gland, and the ___________________ gland.
b. Of the three, the gland that consists almost exclusively of serous acini is the ____________________ gland. The gland that has predominately mucous acini is the ___________________ gland.
c. The duct of the parotid gland opens just opposite the _____________________.
d. Viral infection of the parotid gland is called ______________________. This condition, if contracted by a post-puberty male, can result in __________________.
e. The duct of the ___________________ opens just lateral to the lingual ____________________.
f. The gland that lies in the subcutaneous tissue just in front of the ear is the _____________________ gland.
4.6. The Pancreas:
a. Relative to the peritoneum, the pancreas is considered to be a ____________________ organ.
b. It consists of three portions called the __________________________, __________________________, and ___________________________.
c. The exocrine secretions of the pancreas originate from pancreatic _________________ cells which contain _______________ granules in their apical cytoplasm. ___________________ cells can be found in the middle of the serous acini.
d. The main pancreatic duct joins the ___________________ duct to form a dilated structure called the __________________________which opens to the duodenum. There is a sphincter there called the sphincter of __________________. This structure opens to an elevation of the duodenal wall called the major __________________________. Pancreatic secretions can also pass to the duodenum via the ___________________ duct.
e. Scattered among the serous acini are ______________________ which have endocrine functions.
f. The main type of intralobular duct is the _____________________ duct.
4.7. The Liver:
a. The main exocrine secretion of the liver is ________________, which is produced by cells called _____________________. This secretion is stored in an organ called the ___________________.
b. The right and left bile ducts converge to form the __________________ duct which in turn joins the cystic duct to form the _____________________ duct.
c. The liver receives a dual blood supply from the _________________ artery and the __________________ vein. Branches of both of these vessels can be found within _______________ triads.
d. The hexagonal structures within the liver are called ___________________.
e. Blood from the portal triads passes to a capillary space called a hepatic ___________________. Spanning these structures are cells called ____________________ cells which have a __________________ function.
f. The region which receives the most oxygenated blood within the liver is called __________________ whereas the region which receives the least oxygenated is called ____________________.
g. Blood within the hepatic sinusoids drains to a structure called the _________________ vein which in turn drains to _________________ veins.
h. Inflammation of the liver due to viral infection is called _________________.