BIO 132 – Anatomy and Physiology II
Study Outline
8.1. Cellular Respiration:
a. For our cells to function properly, it is critical that they be able to extract and use the ___________________________ present in organic molecules that serve as fuel. Fuel molecules in turn are broken down into ___________________________ and __________________________, and much of the energy is lost in the form of ___________________________.
b. Approximately 40% of the energy however is transferred to _______________________ which in turn can transfer this energy to another molecule or _______________________________.
c. The phosphorylation of ADP occurs either by _______________________ phosphorylation or __________________________ phosphorylation.
d. Substrate level phosphorylation is _____________________ and takes place in the _________________________. Oxidative phosphorylation, on the other hand, is _________________________ and takes place within ________________________________.
e. The term __________________________ refers to the series of reactions that take place in mitochondria.
8.2. External Respiration:
a. Diffusion distances between air and _____________________________ and between blood and __________________________ are short enough to permit diffusion on a suitable time frame. However the distances required to bring air into the lungs and transfer gases between the lungs and the cells require _____________________________ transport.
b. External respiration in the general sense refers to the sequence of events involved in the exchange of respiratory gases between the ____________________________ and the cells of our bodies.
c. External respiration in the general sense can be subdivided into _____________________________, _____________________________, and ______________________________.
8.3. Functions of the Respiratory System:
a. The five functions of the respiratory system are _____________________________, ________________________________, _____________________________, ________________________________, and ________________________________.
b. The forces responsible for the bulk flow of air into the lungs are provided by ___________________________.
c. Respiratory muscles are stimulated by nerve impulses that originate in the ______________________________.
d. Mixed venous blood is pumped to the lungs by the _____________________ where it then undergoes gas exchange and is returned to the ______________________________ of the heart.
e. Acid-base balance is dependent on the enzyme ______________________________.
8.4. Overview to the Structure of the Respiratory System:
a. The respiratory system consists of _______________________________, _____________________________, _____________________________, _____________________________, _____________________________, and _____________________________.
b. The upper airways include the ____________________________________, _______________________________, and ________________________.
c. The largest airway within the lower airways is the ______________________ which is designated as generation ________________________________.
d. The conducting portion of the airways include those airways which lack ______________________________. These airways serve the functions to ___________________________, ____________________________, and ____________________________ incoming air.
e. The respiratory portion of the airways consist of the _____________________________, ______________________________, _____________________________ and ____________________________.
8.5. The Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses:
a. The nose consists of two portions called the _______________________ and ____________________________.
b. The bones of the external nose are the paired __________________________ and ______________________________.
c. The cartilages of the external nose are the ____________________________, _____________________________, and ____________________________.
d. The right and left nasal cavities are separated by the _____________________which consists of _________________________ anteriorly, and _____________________________ posteriorly.
e. The floor of the nasal cavities is formed by the _______________________ and _________________________ whereas the roof is formed by the _________________________ and ___________________________ bones.
f. The nasal cavities open anteriorly via the _________________________ and posteriorly via the ______________________________.
g. The paranasal air sinuses can be accessed via ____________________which are found just below the three ______________________________.
h. Besides the olfactory epithelium, the rest of the mucosa is lined with a _____________________________ epithelium
i. Inflammation of the nasal mucosa is called ____________________________ whereas inflammation of the paranasal air sinuses is called ______________________________.
8.6. The Pharynx:
a. The pharynx consists of three portions called the _________________________, ____________________________, and ______________________________.
b. Opening to the nasopharynx is the _________________________ tubes which allow middle ear pressure to equilibrate with atmospheric.
c. The wall of the pharynx contains a tonsil called the ____________________ tonsil.
8.7. The Larynx:
a. The larynx extends from the _____________________________________ to _________________________________.
b. The ______________________ is found on the front of the thyroid cartilage.
c. The larynx serves the general functions of ___________________________, ____________________________, and __________________________, to which we can add _________________________.
d. The three largest cartilages that comprise the larynx are the _______________________________, ____________________________, and _________________________.
e. The vocal cords actually consist of 2 sets of structures called the _______________________ and the ______________________________.
f. The space between the true vocal folds is called the _____________________________.
g. Although many anatomical structures contribute to sound production, pitch is altered by adjusting the ___________________________ and _________________________ of the cords whereas loudness is changed by adjusting the ______________________________.
h. Intra-abdominal pressure is increased by approximating the ______________________________ while at the same time contracting the ________________________. Intra-abdominal pressure is generally increased during such body functions as _________________________________ and ____________________________________.
i. Inflammation of the vocal cords is called ___________________________ which results in hoarseness or inability to speak above a whisper.
8.8. The Trachea:
a. The trachea extends from the _________________________ to end as the _________________________________.
b. C-shaped cartilage rings lie __________________________ whereas the _______________________________ is covered by a muscle called the ____________________________________.
c. The esophagus lies ___________________________________ the trachea.
d. The epithelium in the trachea is _______________________________, below which is found a layer called the ____________________________.
e. Exocrine glands are found in the layer called the _________________________.
f. The outermost layer is called the ___________________________.
8.9. The Bronchial Tree:
a. The right primary bronchus divides into three structures called ______________________________ whereas on the left side there are only ________________________________.
b. The epithelium consists of three cell types called ______________________, ___________________________, and ___________________________. Of these the _________________________ secrete mucus.
c. The _________________________ cells move the layer of mucus toward the ________________________________________, a process called the _____________________________________ escalator.
d. Unlike the trachea, bronchi have an additional layer called the ____________________________.
e. Terminal bronchioles, unlike bronchi, lack _____________________ and ________________________________. Furthermore, their epithelia lack ___________________________________ cells. The epithelium is a ____________________________________ which varies to ____________________________________.
8.10. The Respiratory Portion:
a. The largest airway in this portion of the airways is the __________________ which consist of an epithelium that is _______________________________.
b. The other types of airways are called ________________________________, _____________________________, and ____________________________.
c. The predominant cell type lining alveoli is the ________________________, whereas the __________________________________ secretes surfactant.
d. The total distance of the alveolar-capillary membrane is only about ______________________________________.
e. The phagocytic cell within alveoli is called the _____________________ which is derived from blood ___________________________________.
8.11. Gross Anatomy of the Lung and Pleura:
a. The lungs and pleura occupy all the thorax except for the _________________________________.
b. The pleura consists of two layers called the ___________________________ which is adherent to the lung itself and the ____________________________ which is adherent to the _______________________________ and _______________________________________.
c. _____________________________ is the condition involving inflammation of the pleura.
d. Entering the root of the lung at the ______________________________ are the _____________________________, _____________________________, and ___________________________.
e. The left lung is subdivided into _______________________ lobes called the __________________________ and ______________________________, separated by the _______________________________ fissure.
f. The right lung is subdivided into ________________________________, ________________________, and ____________________ lobes, separated by the _____________________ and ___________________ fissures.