BIO 132 – Anatomy and Physiology II

LECTURE 8: ANATOMY OF THE

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Study Outline

Answers

8.1. Cellular Respiration:

a. chemical energy; carbon dioxide; water; heat

b. ATP; energy-requiring process

c. Substrate-level; oxidative

d. anaerobic; cytoplasm; aerobic; mitochondria

e. cellular respiration

8.2. External Respiration:

a. blood; cells; convective

b. environment

c. pulmonary ventilation; gas exchange; transport of respiratory gases.

8.3. Functions of the Respiratory System:

a. gas exchange; acid-base balance; phonation; pulmonary defense mechanisms; pulmonary metabolism and handling of bioactive materials

b. respiratory muscles

c. respiratory control centers

d. right ventricle; left atrium

e. carbonic anhydrase

8.4. Overview to the Structure of the Respiratory System:

a. lungs; conducting airways; pleura; muscles of respiration; chest wall; parts of the central nervous system concerned with control of breathing

b. nasal cavity; pharynx; larynx

c. trachea; 0

d. alveoli; cleanse; humidify; warm

e. respiratory bronchioles; alveolar ducts; alveolar sacs; alveoli

8.5. The Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses:

a. external nose; nasal cavity

b. nasal bones; frontal processes of the maxillae

c. septal; lateral; alar cartilages

d. nasal septum; cartilage; bone

e. hard palate; soft palate; ethmoid; sphenoid

f. external nares; internal nares

g. meati (pleural of meatus); conchae

h. respiratory

i. rhinitis; sinusitis

8.6. The Pharynx:

a. nasopharynx; oropharynx; laryngopharynx

b. eustachian

c. pharyngeal

8.7. The Larynx:

a. attachment to the hyoid bone; the trachea

b. laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)

c. maintain an open airway; route food and air; sound production; increase intra-abdominal pressure

d. thyroid; cricoid; epiglottis

e. true vocal folds; false vocal folds

f. rima glottides

g. length; tension; force of air across them

h. vestibular (false vocal) folds; abdominal muscles; defecation; urination

i. laryngitis

8.8. The Trachea:

a. larynx; 2 primary bronchi

b. anteriorly; posterior aspect; trachealis

c. posterior to

d. pseudostratified columnar; lamina propria

e. submucosa

f. adventitia

8.9. The Bronchial Tree:

a. lobar bronchi; 2

b. ciliated cells; goblet cells; basal cells; goblet cells

c. ciliated cells; pharynx; mucociliary

d. tunica muscularis

e. cartilage; exocrine glands; goblet; simple columnar epithelium; simple cuboidal epithelium

8.10. The Respiratory Portion:

a. respiratory bronchiole; simple cuboidal to simple squamous

b. alveolar ducts; alveolar sacs; alveoli

c. type I cell; type II cell

d. 0.2 to 0.5 microns

e. alveolar macrophage; monocytes

8.11. Gross Anatomy of the Lung and Pleura:

a. mediastinum

b. visceral pleura; parietal pleura; chest wall; diaphragm

c. pleurisy

d. hilus; primary bronchus; pulmonary artery; pulmonary vein

e. 2; upper; lower; oblique

f. upper; middle; lower; oblique; horizontal.